BACKGROUND Pain interferes with people's daily lives and often limits the extent to which they can pursue goals and engage in activities that promote well-being. However, people vary in how much interference they experience at a given level of pain. PURPOSE The present study tested how optimism affects and is affected by pain interference and goal-directed activity among older women. METHODS Every 3 months for 2 years, community-dwelling middle- and older-age women (N = 199) completed online daily diaries at home for a 7 day period, in which they reported their daily pain, pain interference, and goal-directed activity. Optimism was measured at the start and end of the study. Multilevel models tested the between- and within-person relationships among pain, optimism, and pain interference or goal-directed activity. Linear regression predicted change in optimism over 2 years from pain interference and goal-directed activity. RESULTS Pain best predicted pain interference and optimism best predicted goal-directed activity. There were subtle interactions between optimism and pain-predicting interference and goal-directed activity. Accumulated goal-directed activity and pain interference across the study predicted longitudinal changes in optimism, with higher activity and lower pain interference predicting increased optimism over 2 years. CONCLUSIONS Optimism may play a protective role in disruptions caused by pain on a day-to-day basis, leading to increased goal-directed activity and possibly decreased pain interference. In turn, less interference and more goal-directed activity feed forward into increased optimism, resulting in a virtuous cycle that enhances optimism and well-being among older women.

中文翻译：

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对老龄妇女的乐观和痛苦干预。

背景技术疼痛会干扰人们的日常生活，并常常限制他们追求目标并从事促进幸福的活动的程度。但是，在给定的疼痛水平下，人们受到的干扰程度不同。目的本研究测试了乐观如何影响老年女性的疼痛干扰和目标定向活动以及如何受到其影响。方法为期2年，每3个月，居住在社区的中老年妇女（N = 199）在家中完成在线每日日记，为期7天，报告了她们的每日疼痛，疼痛干扰和针对目标的情况活动。在研究开始和结束时测量乐观情绪。多级模型测试了疼痛，乐观情绪，疼痛干扰或目标定向活动之间的人际关系。线性回归预测了疼痛干扰和目标导向活动在2年内的乐观度变化。结果疼痛最能预测疼痛干扰，而乐观则最能预测目标定向活动。乐观与预测疼痛的干扰与目标导向活动之间存在微妙的相互作用。整个研究中累积的目标导向活动和疼痛干扰预测了乐观的纵向变化，而较高的活动和较低的疼痛干扰则预测了两年内乐观的增加。结论乐观情绪可能在日常的疼痛引起的破坏中起到保护作用，从而导致目标导向活动增加，并且可能减少疼痛干扰。反过来，更少的干扰和更多针对目标的活动会带来更大的乐观情绪，