Development of resistance in major grain insect pest species to the key fumigant phosphine (hydrogen phosphide) across the globe has put the viability and sustainability of phosphine in jeopardy. The resistance problem has been aggravated over the past two decades, due mostly to the lack of suitable alternatives matching the major attributes of phosphine, including its low price, ease of application, proven effectiveness against a broad pest spectrum, compatibility with most storage conditions, and international acceptance as a residue-free treatment. In this review, we critically analyze the published literature in the area of phosphine resistance with special emphasis on the methods available for detection of resistance, the genetic basis of resistance development, key management strategies, and research gaps that need to be addressed.

中文翻译：

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储藏产品中的害虫对熏蒸磷化氢的抗性及其管理：全球视角。

全球主要谷物害虫对主要熏蒸磷化氢（磷化氢）的抗药性的发展已使磷化氢的生存能力和可持续性受到威胁。在过去的二十年中，主要由于缺乏与磷化氢的主要特性相匹配的合适替代品而使抗药性问题更加严重，这些替代品包括价格低廉，易于使用，已证明对有害生物谱图的有效性，与大多数储存条件的相容性，和国际公认的无残留处理。在这篇综述中，我们对膦抗性领域进行了严格的分析，特别着重于可用于检测抗性的方法，抗性发展的遗传基础，关键管理策略以及需要解决的研究空白。