The current research focuses on the production and characterization of glycolipid biosurfactant (GB) from Pseudomonas plecoglossicida and its anthelmintic activity against Caenorhabditis elegans. The GB was purified and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Anthelmintic activity of GB was studied at six different pharmacological doses from 10 to 320 µg/mL on C. elegans. Exposure of different developmental stages (L1, L2, L3, L4 and adult) of C. elegans to the GB reduced the survivability of worms in a dose and time-dependent manner. Adult and L4 worms were least susceptible, while L1, L2 and L3 were more susceptible to GB when compared to the untreated control. An increased exposure period drastically reduced the survival rate of worms and reduction in LC₅₀ value. The GB significantly inhibited the development of C. elegans with an IC₅₀ value of 53.14 µg/mL and even reduced the adult body length and egg hatching. Fecundity rate of the worms treated with GB at 20, 40 and 80 µg/mL decreased from 261.90 ± 3.21 to 239.70 ± 5.58, 164.20 ± 5.94 and 44.80 ± 6.22 eggs per worm, respectively. Besides the toxicological effects, prolonged exposure to GB significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.0001) the lifespan of wild type worms under standard laboratory conditions. Additionally, GB was found to be lethal towards ivermectin and albendazole resistant C. elegans strains. Overall, the data indicated that the GB extracted from P. plecoglossicida could be utilized for the control of non-susceptible and resistant gastrointestinal nematodes towards broad spectrum anthelmintic drugs, ivermectin and albendazole.

中文翻译：

---

假单胞菌生产的糖脂生物表面活性剂的驱虫药功效：秀丽隐杆线虫的突变体和转基因形式的见解。

目前的研究集中在假单胞菌糖脂生物表面活性剂（GB）的生产和表征及其对秀丽隐杆线虫的驱虫活性。GB通过傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和气相色谱与质谱（GC-MS）分析进行纯化和表征。在6种不同的药理剂量（10至320μg/ mL）中对GB的线虫的驱虫活性进行了研究。秀丽隐杆线虫不同发育阶段（L1，L2，L3，L4和成虫）的暴露到GB的剂量降低了蠕虫的生存能力，且呈剂量和时间依赖性。与未处理的对照组相比，成虫和L4蠕虫最不敏感，而L1，L2和L3对GB更敏感。暴露时间的增加极大地降低了蠕虫的存活率并降低了LC ₅₀值。GB显着抑制秀丽隐杆线虫的发育，IC ₅₀值为53.14 µg / mL，甚至降低了成虫的体长和卵孵化率。用GB，20和40和80 µg / mL处理的蠕虫的产卵率分别从每只蠕虫卵的261.90±3.21降至239.70±5.58、164.20±5.94和44.80±6.22。除毒理作用外，长时间暴露于GB显着降低（p ≤0.0001）在标准实验室条件下的野生型蠕虫的寿命。另外，发现GB对伊维菌素和耐阿苯达唑的秀丽隐杆线虫菌株具有致命性。总体而言，数据表明，从P. plecoglossicida提取的GB可用于控制对广谱驱虫药，伊维菌素和阿苯达唑的不敏感和耐药的胃肠道线虫。