In contrast to clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) which is well characterized and understood, little is known about the regulation and machinery underlying clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE). There is also a wide variation in the requirements each individual CIE cargo has for its internalization. Recent studies have shown that CIE is affected by glycosylation and glycan interactions. We briefly review these studies and explore how these studies mesh with one another. We then discuss what this sensitivity to glycan interactions could indicate for the regulation of CIE. We address the spectrum of responses CIE has been shown to have with respect to changes in glycan interactions and attempt to reconcile disparate observations onto a shared conceptual landscape. We focus on the mechanisms by which cells can alter the glycan interactions at the plasma membrane and propose that glycosylation and glycan interactions could provide cells with a tool box with which cells can manipulate CIE. Altered glycosylation is often associated with a number of diseases and we discuss how under different disease settings, glycosylation-based modulation of CIE could play a role in disease progression.

中文翻译：

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糖基化和聚糖相互作用可作为促进网格蛋白非依赖性内吞作用的细胞外机制。

与网格蛋白介导的内吞作用（CME）的特征和理解相反，对网格蛋白非依赖性内吞作用（CIE）的调控和机制了解甚少。每个单独的CIE货物对其内部化的要求也存在很大差异。最近的研究表明，CIE受糖基化和聚糖相互作用的影响。我们简要回顾了这些研究，并探讨了这些研究如何相互联系。然后，我们讨论这种对聚糖相互作用的敏感性可以指示CIE的调节。我们解决了CIE在聚糖相互作用方面表现出的反应范围，并试图将不同的观察结果调和为一个共享的概念。我们专注于细胞可以改变质膜上的聚糖相互作用的机制，并提出糖基化和聚糖相互作用可以为细胞提供一个可以操纵CIE的工具箱。糖基化改变通常与多种疾病相关，我们讨论在不同疾病背景下，基于糖基化的CIE调节如何在疾病进展中发挥作用。