Neutrophils are phagocytic innate immune cells essential for killing bacteria via activation of a wide variety of effector responses and generation of large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Majority of the ROS in neutrophils is generated by activation of the superoxide‐generating enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. Independent of their anti‐microbial function, NADPH oxidase‐derived ROS have emerged as key regulators of host immune responses and neutrophilic inflammation. Data from patients with inherited defects in the NADPH oxidase subunit alleles that ablate its enzyme function as well as mouse models demonstrate profound dysregulation of host inflammatory responses, neutrophil hyper‐activation and tissue damage in response to microbial ligands or tissue trauma. A large body of literature now demonstrates how oxidants function as essential signaling molecules that are essential for the regulation of neutrophil responses during priming, degranulation, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and apoptosis, independent of their role in microbial killing. In this review we summarize how NADPH oxidase‐derived oxidants modulate neutrophil function in a cell intrinsic manner and regulate host inflammatory responses. In addition, we summarize studies that have elucidated possible roles of oxidants in neutrophilic responses within the oral mucosa and periodontal disease.

中文翻译：

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NADPH 氧化酶在调节中性粒细胞效应反应中的作用。

中性粒细胞是吞噬性先天免疫细胞，通过激活多种效应反应并产生大量活性氧 (ROS) 来杀死细菌。中性粒细胞中的大部分 ROS 是通过激活超氧化物生成酶烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸 (NADPH) 氧化酶而产生的。独立于其抗微生物功能，NADPH 氧化酶衍生的 ROS 已成为宿主免疫反应和中性粒细胞炎症的关键调节剂。来自 NADPH 氧化酶亚基等位基因遗传性缺陷（会消除其酶功能）的患者以及小鼠模型的数据表明，微生物配体或组织创伤导致宿主炎症反应、中性粒细胞过度激活和组织损伤的严重失调。现在大量文献证明了氧化剂如何作为重要的信号分子发挥作用，这些信号分子对于在启动、脱颗粒、中性粒细胞胞外陷阱形成和细胞凋亡过程中调节中性粒细胞反应至关重要，而与它们在杀灭微生物中的作用无关。在这篇综述中，我们总结了 NADPH 氧化酶衍生的氧化剂如何以细胞内在的方式调节中性粒细胞功能并调节宿主炎症反应。此外，我们总结了阐明氧化剂在口腔粘膜和牙周疾病中中性粒细胞反应中可能作用的研究。与其杀灭微生物的作用无关。在这篇综述中，我们总结了 NADPH 氧化酶衍生的氧化剂如何以细胞内在的方式调节中性粒细胞功能并调节宿主炎症反应。此外，我们总结了阐明氧化剂在口腔粘膜和牙周疾病中中性粒细胞反应中可能作用的研究。与其杀灭微生物的作用无关。在这篇综述中，我们总结了 NADPH 氧化酶衍生的氧化剂如何以细胞内在的方式调节中性粒细胞功能并调节宿主炎症反应。此外，我们总结了阐明氧化剂在口腔粘膜和牙周疾病中中性粒细胞反应中可能作用的研究。