Background In 2007, the Indonesian Government instigated a national program to convert domestic kerosene users to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for cooking. This was primarily motivated by the rising cost of kerosene subsidies. Objective To review the national conversion program and LPG scale up by evaluating its impacts, including assessing sustained changes in cooking behaviour and consequent reductions in exposure to household air pollution (HAP). Methods and data sources Searches of peer-review and grey literature in both English and Bahasa Indonesian were conducted and supplemented by interviews with key informants, data from the National Statistics Agency and results from household surveys. The data were extracted and analyzed using an Implementation Science approach. Results The main kerosene to LPG conversion phase took place in highly populated kerosene dependent areas between 2007-2012 reaching over 50 million households, approximately two thirds of all households in Indonesia. Since then the drive to expand LPG use has continued at a slower pace, especially in more remote provinces where solid fuel is more widely used. Over 57 million LPG start up kits were distributed as of 2015. Beginning in 2018, the open subsidy for LPG is expected to be replaced by one targeted at lower income households. While the main conversion phase has been highlighted as an example of effective and impressively fast fuel switching at scale, the impact on domestic biomass use remains limited. Conclusions Addressing HAP and the health impacts associated with kerosene and biomass use was never an objective of the program. Consequently, there is limited evidence of impact in this area, and in hindsight, missed opportunities in terms of influencing cooking behavior change among biomass users, who are more at risk.

中文翻译：

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印度尼西亚从煤油到液化石油气的巨型转换计划：经验教训和对未来清洁烹饪能源扩展的建议

背景 2007 年，印度尼西亚政府发起了一项国家计划，将国内煤油用户转换为液化石油气 (LPG) 用于烹饪。这主要是由于煤油补贴成本上升。目标 通过评估其影响来审查国家转换计划和 LPG 扩大规模，包括评估烹饪行为的持续变化以及随之而来的家庭空气污染暴露 (HAP) 的减少。方法和数据来源 对英语和印尼语的同行评议和灰色文献进行搜索，并通过对主要信息提供者的采访、国家统计局的数据和家庭调查的结果进行补充。使用实施科学方法提取和分析数据。结果 2007 年至 2012 年期间，煤油到 LPG 的主要转化阶段发生在人口稠密的煤油依赖地区，覆盖超过 5000 万户家庭，约占印度尼西亚所有家庭的三分之二。从那时起，扩大 LPG 使用的动力一直在放缓，特别是在更广泛使用固体燃料的偏远省份。截至 2015 年，已分发了超过 5700 万个 LPG 启动套件。从 2018 年开始，LPG 的公开补贴预计将被针对低收入家庭的公开补贴所取代。虽然主要转换阶段已被强调为大规模有效且令人印象深刻的快速燃料转换的一个例子，但对国内生物质使用的影响仍然有限。结论 解决 HAP 以及与煤油和生物质使用相关的健康影响从来都不是该计划的目标。