The tumor microenvironment (TME) in the liver plays an important role in primary and metastatic liver tumor formation and tumor growth promotion. Cellular and non-cellular components of the TME significantly influence tumor development, growth, metastatic spread, anti-tumor immunity and response to tumor therapy. The cellular components of the TME in the liver not only consist of infiltrating immune cells, but also of liver-resident cells such as liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) and hepatic stellate cells (HSC), which promote tumor growth by negatively regulating tumor-associated immune responses. In this review, we characterize cells of the TME with pro- and anti-tumor function in primary and metastatic liver tumors. Furthermore, we summarize mechanisms that permit growth of hepatic tumors despite the occurrence of spontaneous anti-tumor immune responses and how novel therapeutic approaches targeting the TME could unleash tumor-specific immune responses to improve survival of liver cancer patients.

中文翻译：

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肿瘤对肝脏组织环境的调节。

肝脏中的肿瘤微环境（TME）在原发性和转移性肝肿瘤形成以及促进肿瘤生长中起重要作用。TME的细胞和非细胞成分会显着影响肿瘤的发展，生长，转移扩散，抗肿瘤免疫力以及对肿瘤治疗的反应。肝脏中TME的细胞成分不仅由浸润的免疫细胞组成，还包括肝脏驻留细胞，例如肝窦形内皮细胞（LSEC）和肝星状细胞（HSC），它们通过负调控肿瘤的生长来促进肿瘤的生长，相关的免疫反应。在这篇综述中，我们表征了原发性和转移性肝肿瘤中具有促肿瘤和抗肿瘤功能的TME细胞。此外，