Mammalian evolution entailed multiple innovations in gene regulation, including the emergence of genomic imprinting, an epigenetic regulation leading to the preferential expression of a gene from its maternal or paternal allele. Genomic imprinting is highly prevalent in the brain, yet, until recently, its central roles in neural processes have not been fully appreciated. Here, we provide a comprehensive survey of adult and developmental brain functions influenced by imprinted genes, from neural development and wiring to synaptic function and plasticity, energy balance, social behaviors, emotions, and cognition. We further review the widespread identification of parental biases alongside monoallelic expression in brain tissues, discuss their potential roles in dosage regulation of key neural pathways, and suggest possible mechanisms underlying the dynamic regulation of imprinting in the brain. This review should help provide a better understanding of the significance of genomic imprinting in the normal and pathological brain of mammals including humans.

中文翻译：

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基因组印记的新观点，一种在发育中和成人大脑中进行表观遗传控制的基本和多方面的模式。

哺乳动物进化需要基因调控的多项创新，包括基因组印记的出现，这是一种表观遗传调控，导致基因优先表达来自母本或父本等位基因。基因组印记在大脑中非常普遍，但直到最近，它在神经过程中的核心作用尚未得到充分认识。在这里，我们对受印记基因影响的成人和发育大脑功能进行了全面调查，从神经发育和连接到突触功能和可塑性、能量平衡、社会行为、情绪和认知。我们进一步回顾了父母偏见与脑组织中单等位基因表达的广泛识别，讨论了它们在关键神经通路剂量调节中的潜在作用，并提出大脑中印记动态调节的可能机制。这篇综述应该有助于更好地理解基因组印记在包括人类在内的哺乳动物的正常和病理大脑中的重要性。