Bacterial surface colonizers are subject to a variety of physical stresses. During the colonization of human epithelia such as on the skin or the intestinal mucosa, bacteria mainly have to withstand the mechanical stress of being removed by fluid flow, scraping, or epithelial turnover. To that end, they express a series of molecules to establish firm attachment to the epithelial surface, such as fibrillar protrusions (pili) and surface-anchored proteins that bind to human matrix proteins. In addition, some bacteria--in particular gut and urinary tract pathogens--use internalization by epithelial cells and other methods such as directed inhibition of epithelial turnover to ascertain continued association with the epithelial layer. Furthermore, many bacteria produce multilayered agglomerations called biofilms with a sticky extracellular matrix, providing additional protection from removal. This review will give an overview over the mechanisms human bacterial colonizers have to withstand physical stresses with a focus on bacterial adhesion.

中文翻译：

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身体压力和细菌定植。

细菌表面定植者会受到各种物理压力。在人类上皮细胞（例如皮肤或肠粘膜）定植期间，细菌主要必须承受因流体流动、刮擦或上皮更新而被去除的机械应力。为此，它们表达一系列分子以建立与上皮表面的牢固附着，例如纤维状突起（菌毛）和与人类基质蛋白结合的表面锚定蛋白。此外，一些细菌——尤其是肠道和泌尿道病原体——使用上皮细胞的内化和其他方法，例如直接抑制上皮更新，以确定与上皮层的持续关联。此外，许多细菌会产生称为生物膜的多层团聚体，带有粘性的细胞外基质，提供额外的保护以防止被移除。本综述将概述人类细菌定植者必须承受物理压力的机制，重点是细菌粘附。