Although most modern dog breeds are less than 200 years old, the symbiosis between man and dog is ancient. Since prehistoric times, repeated selection events have transformed the wolf into man's guardians, laborers, athletes, and companions. The rapid transformation from pack predator to loyal companion is a feat that is arguably unique among domesticated animals. How this transformation came to pass remained a biological mystery until recently: Within the past decade, the deployment of genomic approaches to study population structure, detect signatures of selection, and identify genetic variants that underlie canine phenotypes is ushering into focus novel biological mechanisms that make dogs remarkable. Ironically, the very practices responsible for breed formation also spurned morbidity; today, many diseases are correlated with breed identity. In this review, we discuss man's best friend in the context of a genetic model to understand paradigms of heritable phenotypes, both desirable and disadvantageous.

中文翻译：

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从狗基因组项目中洞察形态和疾病。

尽管大多数现代犬种的历史不到 200 年，但人与狗之间的共生关系却是古老的。自史前时代以来，反复的选拔活动将狼变成了人类的守护者、劳动者、运动员和同伴。从群居捕食者到忠诚伴侣的快速转变在驯养动物中可以说是独一无二的壮举。直到最近，这种转变是如何发生的仍然是一个生物学谜团：在过去的十年中，部署基因组方法来研究种群结构、检测选择特征和识别犬表型基础的遗传变异正引发关注新的生物学机制，这些机制使狗了不起。具有讽刺意味的是，导致品种形成的做法也摒弃了发病率。今天，许多疾病与品种特性相关。在这篇综述中，我们在遗传模型的背景下讨论人类最好的朋友，以了解可遗传表型的范式，包括可取的和不利的。