Drug response varies between individuals owing to disease heterogeneity, environmental factors, and genetic factors. Genetic factors can affect both the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a drug, leading to changes in local and systemic drug exposure and/or changes in the function of the drug target, altering drug response. Several pharmacogenetic biomarkers are already utilized in clinical practice and have been shown to improve clinical outcomes. However, a large number of other biomarkers have never made it beyond the discovery stage. Concerted effort is needed to improve the translation of pharmacogenetic biomarkers into clinical practice, and this will involve the use of standardized phenotyping and genotyping strategies, collaborative work, multidisciplinary approaches to identifying and replicating associations, and cooperation with industry to facilitate translation and commercialization. Acceptance of these approaches by clinicians, regulators, patients, and the public will be important in determining future success.

中文翻译：

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个性化药物基因组学：预测疗效和药物不良反应。

由于疾病异质性、环境因素和遗传因素，个体之间的药物反应不同。遗传因素可以影响药物的药代动力学和药效学，导致局部和全身药物暴露的变化和/或药物靶点功能的变化，从而改变药物反应。几种药物遗传学生物标志物已经在临床实践中得到应用，并已被证明可以改善临床结果。然而，大量其他生物标志物从未超过发现阶段。需要齐心协力改进将药物遗传学生物标志物转化为临床实践，这将涉及使用标准化表型和基因分型策略、协作工作、识别和复制关联的多学科方法，并与行业合作以促进翻译和商业化。临床医生、监管机构、患者和公众对这些方法的接受对于决定未来的成功非常重要。