Tissue-engineered graft substitutes have shown great potential to treat large bone defects. While we usually assume that therapeutic approaches developed for appendicular bone healing could be similarly translated for application in craniofacial reconstruction and vice versa, this is not necessarily accurate. In addition to those more well-known healing-associated factors, such as age, lifestyle (e.g., nutrition and smoking), preexisting disease (e.g., diabetes), medication, and poor blood supply, the developmental origins and surrounding tissue of the wound sites can largely affect the fracture healing outcome as well as designed treatments. Therefore, the strategies developed for long bone fracture repair might not be suitable or directly applicable to skull bone repair. In this review, we discuss aspects of development, healing process, structure, and tissue engineering considerations between calvarial and long bones to assist in designing the tailored bone repair strategies. Impact Statement We summarized, in this review, the existing body of knowledge between long bone and calvarial bone with regard to their development and healing, tissue structure, and consideration of current tissue engineering strategies. By highlighting their similarities and differences, we propose that tailored tissue engineering strategies, such as scaffold features, growth factor usage, and the source of cells for tissue or region-specific bone repair, are necessary to ensure an optimized healing outcome.

中文翻译：

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颅骨与长骨：定制骨骼组织工程的意义。

组织工程化的移植物替代物已显示出治疗大骨缺损的巨大潜力。虽然我们通常认为为阑尾骨愈合而开发的治疗方法可以类似地翻译用于颅面重建，反之亦然，但这不一定是准确的。除了那些更知名的与愈合相关的因素，例如年龄，生活方式（例如，营养和吸烟），既存疾病（例如，糖尿病），药物和血液供应不足，伤口的起源和周围组织部位会在很大程度上影响骨折的愈合结果以及设计的治疗方法。因此，为长骨折修复开发的策略可能不适合或直接适用于颅骨修复。在这篇评论中，我们讨论了发展，康复过程，颅骨和长骨之间的结构和组织工程方面的考虑，以帮助设计定制的骨修复策略。影响陈述我们在这篇综述中总结了长骨和颅骨之间有关发育和愈合，组织结构以及对当前组织工程策略的考虑方面的现有知识体系。通过强调它们的异同，我们提出了量身定制的组织工程策略，例如支架特征，生长因子的使用以及组织或区域特异性骨修复的细胞来源，以确保最佳的治疗效果。关于长骨和颅骨之间的发育和愈合，组织结构以及对当前组织工程策略的考虑的现有知识体系。通过强调它们的异同，我们提出了量身定制的组织工程策略，例如支架特征，生长因子的使用以及组织或区域特异性骨修复的细胞来源，以确保最佳的治疗效果。关于长骨和颅骨之间的发育和愈合，组织结构以及对当前组织工程策略的考虑的现有知识体系。通过强调它们的异同，我们提出了量身定制的组织工程策略，例如支架特征，生长因子的使用以及组织或区域特异性骨修复的细胞来源，以确保最佳的治疗效果。