Uvulifer Yamaguti, 1934, is a genus of diplostomoidean digeneans that parasitizes kingfishers worldwide. Species have a Neascus-type metacercaria that encysts in or on fish intermediate hosts, often causing black spot disease. Only 3 prior studies published DNA sequence data for Uvulifer species with only 1 including a single named species (Uvulifer spinatus López-Jiménez, Pérez-Ponce de León, & García-Varela, 2018). Herein we describe 2 new species of Uvulifer from the green-and-rufous kingfisher, Chloroceryle inda (Linnaeus), collected in Peru ( Uvulifer batesi n. sp. and Uvulifer pequenae n. sp.). Both new species are readily differentiated from their New World congeners by a combination of morphological characters including distribution of vitelline follicles and prosoma:opisthosoma length ratios. In addition, we used newly generated nuclear 28S rRNA and mitochondrial COI gene sequence data to differentiate among species and examine phylogenetic affinities of Uvulifer. This includes the 2 new species and Uvulifer ambloplitis (Hughes, 1927), as well as Uvulifer elongatus Dubois, 1988 , Uvulifer prosocotyle (Lutz, 1928), and Uvulifer weberi Dubois, 1985 , none of which have been part of prior molecular phylogenetic studies. Our data on Uvulifer revealed 0.1-2.2% interspecific divergence in 28S sequences and 9.3-15.3% in COI sequences. Our 28S phylogeny revealed at least 6 well-supported clades within the genus. In contrast, the branch topology in the COI phylogenetic tree was overall less supported, indicating that although COI sequences are a great tool for species differentiation, they should be used with caution for phylogenetic inference at higher taxonomic levels. Our 28S phylogeny did not reveal any clear patterns of host association between Uvulifer and particular species of kingfishers; however, it identified 2 well-supported clades uniting Uvulifer species from distant geographical locations and more than 1 biogeographic realm, indicating at least 2 independent dispersal events in the evolutionary history of the New World Uvulifer. Our results clearly demonstrate that the diversity of Uvulifer in the New World has been underestimated.

中文翻译：

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Uvulifer Spp 的系统发育亲和力。(Digenea: Diplostomidae) 在美洲与秘鲁亚马逊的两个新物种的描述。

Uvulifer Yamaguti，1934 年，是一种寄生于世界各地翠鸟的双头螟属 digeneans。物种有一种 Neascus 型的囊蚴，在鱼类中间宿主体内或表面形成包囊，通常会引起黑斑病。只有 3 项先前的研究发表了 Uvulifer 物种的 DNA 序列数据，其中只有 1 个包括单一命名物种（Uvulifer spinatus López-Jiménez、Pérez-Ponce de León 和 García-Varela，2018 年）。在此，我们描述了在秘鲁采集的绿红翠鸟 Chloroceryle inda (Linnaeus) 的 2 个新品种 Uvulifer (Uvulifer batesi n. sp. 和 Uvulifer pequenae n. sp.)。这两个新物种很容易通过形态特征的组合与它们的新世界同源物区分开来，包括卵黄卵泡的分布和 prosoma:opisthosoma 长度比。此外，我们使用新生成的核 28S rRNA 和线粒体 COI 基因序列数据来区分物种并检查 Uvulifer 的系统发育亲和力。这包括 2 个新物种和 Uvulifer ambloplitis (Hughes, 1927)，以及 Uvulifer elongatus Dubois, 1988、Uvulifer prosocotyle (Lutz, 1928) 和 Uvulifer weberi Dubois, 1985，它们都不是先前分子系统发育研究的一部分. 我们关于 Uvulifer 的数据显示 28S 序列的种间差异为 0.1-2.2%，COI 序列为 9.3-15.3%。我们的 28S 系统发育揭示了该属内至少有 6 个支持良好的进化枝。相比之下，COI 系统发育树中的分支拓扑结构总体上不太受支持，这表明虽然 COI 序列是物种分化的重要工具，在更高的分类学水平上，它们应该谨慎用于系统发育推断。我们的 28S 系统发育没有揭示 Uvulifer 与特定翠鸟物种之间宿主关联的任何明确模式；然而，它确定了 2 个得到充分支持的进化枝，将来自遥远地理位置和超过 1 个生物地理领域的 Uvulifer 物种结合在一起，表明在新世界 Uvulifer 的进化历史中至少发生了 2 个独立的扩散事件。我们的结果清楚地表明，新世界中 Uvulifer 的多样性被低估了。表明在新世界 Uvulifer 的进化历史中至少有 2 个独立的扩散事件。我们的结果清楚地表明，新世界中 Uvulifer 的多样性被低估了。表明在新世界 Uvulifer 的进化历史中至少有 2 个独立的扩散事件。我们的结果清楚地表明，新世界中 Uvulifer 的多样性被低估了。