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The power of nothing: Risk preference in pigeons, but not people, is driven primarily by avoidance of zero outcomes.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition ( IF 1.3 ) Pub Date : 2019-08-15 , DOI: 10.1037/xan0000217
Jeffrey M Pisklak 1 , Christopher R Madan 2 , Elliot A Ludvig 1 , Marcia L Spetch 1
Affiliation  

Both human and nonhuman animals regularly need to make choices where the outcomes of their actions are unpredictable or probabilistic in some way. These are often termed "risky" choices. Faced with uncertain rewards, people (Homo sapiens) and pigeons (Columba livia) often show similar choice patterns. When the reward probabilities of risky choices are learned through experience, preferences in both species seem to be disproportionately influenced by the extreme (highest and lowest) outcomes in the decision context. Overweighting of these extremes increases preference for risky alternatives that lead to the highest outcome and decreases preference for risky alternatives that lead to the lowest outcome. In a series of studies, we systematically examine how this overweighting of extreme outcomes in risky choice generalizes across 2 evolutionary distant species: pigeons and humans. Both species showed risky choices consistent with an overweighting of extreme outcomes when the low-value risky option could yield an outcome of 0. When all outcome values were increased such that none of the options could lead to 0, people but not pigeons still overweighted the extremes. Unlike people, pigeons no longer avoided a low-value risky option when it yielded a nonzero food outcome. These results suggest that, despite some similarities, different mechanisms underlie risky choice in pigeons and people. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译:

一无所有的力量:鸽子而非人的风险偏好主要是由避免零结果产生的。

人类和非人类动物都经常需要做出选择,以某种方式无法预测其行动的结果或概率。这些通常被称为“风险”选择。面对不确定的奖励,人(智人)和鸽子(哥伦布利维亚)常常表现出相似的选择模式。当通过经验获悉风险选择的回报概率时,这两种物种的偏好似乎在决策环境中受到极端(最高和最低)结果的不成比例的影响。这些极端因素的过度加权会增加对导致最高结果的风险替代方案的偏好,并降低对导致最低结果的风险替代方案的偏好。在一系列研究中 我们系统地研究了风险选择中极端结果的这种超重如何在两个进化远距离物种(鸽子和人类)中普遍存在。当低价值的风险选择可能产生的结果为0时,两个物种都显示出与极端结果的超重相一致的风险选择。当所有结果值都增加,使得所有选项都不会导致0时,人却不是鸽子仍然超重了。极端。与人不同,鸽子在产生非零食物结果时不再避免低价值的风险选择。这些结果表明,尽管存在一些相似之处,但不同的机制是鸽子和人群进行风险选择的基础。(PsycINFO数据库记录(c)2019 APA,保留所有权利)。当低价值的风险选择可能产生的结果为0时,两个物种都显示出与极端结果的超重相一致的风险选择。当所有结果值都增加,使得所有选项都不会导致0时,人却不是鸽子仍然超重了。极端。与人不同,鸽子在产生非零食物结果时不再避免低价值的风险选择。这些结果表明,尽管存在一些相似之处,但不同的机制是鸽子和人群进行风险选择的基础。(PsycINFO数据库记录(c)2019 APA,保留所有权利)。当低价值的风险选择可能产生的结果为0时,两个物种都显示出与极端结果的超重相一致的风险选择。当所有结果值都增加,使得所有选项都不会导致0时,人却不是鸽子仍然超重了。极端。与人不同,鸽子在产生非零食物结果时不再避免低价值的风险选择。这些结果表明,尽管存在一些相似之处,但不同的机制是鸽子和人群进行风险选择的基础。(PsycINFO数据库记录(c)2019 APA,保留所有权利)。当鸽子产生非零食物结果时,它们不再避免低价值的风险选择。这些结果表明,尽管存在一些相似之处,但不同的机制是鸽子和人群进行风险选择的基础。(PsycINFO数据库记录(c)2019 APA,保留所有权利)。当鸽子产生非零食物结果时,它们不再避免低价值的风险选择。这些结果表明,尽管有一些相似之处,但是不同的机制是鸽子和人群进行风险选择的基础。(PsycINFO数据库记录(c)2019 APA,保留所有权利)。
更新日期:2019-11-01
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