In the nervous system, calcium signals play a major role in the conversion of synaptic stimuli into transcriptional responses. Signal-regulated gene transcription is fundamental for a range of long-lasting adaptive brain functions that include learning and memory, structural plasticity of neurites and synapses, acquired neuroprotection, chronic pain, and addiction. In this review, we summarize the diverse mechanisms governing calcium-dependent transcriptional regulation associated with central nervous system plasticity. We focus on recent advances in the field of synapse-to-nucleus communication that include studies of the signal-regulated transcriptome in human neurons, identification of novel regulatory mechanisms such as activity-induced DNA double-strand breaks, and the identification of novel forms of activity- and transcription-dependent adaptations, in particular, metabolic plasticity. We summarize the reciprocal interactions between different kinds of neuroadaptations and highlight the emerging role of activity-regulated epigenetic modifiers in gating the inducibility of signal-regulated genes.

中文翻译：

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钙依赖性突触到细胞核通讯的功能后果：专注于转录依赖性代谢可塑性。

在神经系统中，钙信号在突触刺激转化为转录反应中起主要作用。信号调节的基因转录是一系列长期适应性大脑功能的基础，包括学习和记忆、神经突和突触的结构可塑性、获得性神经保护、慢性疼痛和成瘾。在这篇综述中，我们总结了控制与中枢神经系统可塑性相关的钙依赖性转录调控的多种机制。我们专注于突触到细胞核通信领域的最新进展，包括对人类神经元中信号调节转录组的研究，鉴定新的调节机制，如活动诱导的 DNA 双链断裂，以及新形式的活性和转录依赖性适应的鉴定，特别是代谢可塑性。我们总结了不同种类的神经适应之间的相互作用，并强调了活动调节的表观遗传修饰剂在控制信号调节基因的诱导性中的新兴作用。