Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used in the treatment of cancers and other benign diseases for several years in clinic. However, the hypoxia of tumors and the penetration limitation of excitation light to tissues can dramatically reduce the efficacy of PDT to cancers. To overcome these drawbacks, various assembled nanocarriers such as nanoparticles, nanocapsules, nanocrystals, and so on were introduced. The assembled nanocarriers have the ability of loading photosensitizers, delivering O2 into tumors, generating O2 in situ in tumors, as well as turning near-infrared (NIR) light, X-rays, and chemical energy into ultraviolet or visible light. Therefore, it is easy for the nanocarriers to improve the hypoxia microenvironment or increase the treatment depth of cancers, which will improve the efficiency of PDT to some degree. In recent years, a number of investigations were focused on these subjects. We will summarize the advances of nanocarriers in PDT, especially in O2 introduction PDT and deep PDT. The perspectives, challenges, and potential in translation of PDT will also be discussed. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid-Based Structures Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.

中文翻译：

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深入了解氧气的功效，引入了光动力疗法（PDT）和深层PDT对具有各种组装好的纳米载体的癌症。

在临床上，光动力疗法（PDT）已用于治疗癌症和其他良性疾病。但是，肿瘤的缺氧和激发光对组织的穿透限制会大大降低PDT对癌症的疗效。为了克服这些缺点，引入了各种组装的纳米载体，例如纳米颗粒，纳米胶囊，纳米晶体等。组装好的纳米载体具有装载光敏剂，将O2输送到肿瘤中，在肿瘤中原位产生O2以及将近红外（NIR）光，X射线和化学能转化为紫外线或可见光的能力。因此，纳米载体易于改善缺氧微环境或增加癌症的治疗深度，这将在一定程度上提高PDT的效率。最近几年，许多调查都针对这些主题。我们将总结纳米载体在PDT中的进展，特别是在O2引入PDT和深PDT中。还将讨论PDT翻译的观点，挑战和潜力。本文归类于：治疗方法和药物发现>新兴技术生物学启发的纳米材料>基于脂质的结构治疗方法和药物发现>用于肿瘤疾病的纳米药物。