Pathogenic bacteria have many strategies for causing disease in humans. One such strategy is the ability to live both as single-celled motile organisms or as part of a community of bacteria called a biofilm. Biofilms are frequently adhered to biotic or abiotic surfaces and are extremely antibiotic resistant. Upon biofilm dispersal, bacteria become more antibiotic susceptible but are also able to readily infect another host. Various studies have shown that low, nontoxic levels of nitric oxide (NO) may induce biofilm dispersal in many bacterial species. While the molecular details of this phenotype remain largely unknown, in several species, NO has been implicated in biofilm-to-planktonic cell transitions via ligation to 1 of 2 characterized NO sensors, NosP or H-NOX. Based on the data available to date, it appears that NO binding to H-NOX or NosP triggers a downstream response based on changes in cellular cyclic di-GMP concentrations and/or the modulation of quorum sensing. In order to develop applications for control of biofilm infections, the identification and characterization of biofilm dispersal mechanisms is vital. This review focuses on the efforts made to understand NO-mediated control of H-NOX and NosP pathways in the 3 pathogenic bacteria Legionella pneumophila, Vibrio cholerae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

中文翻译：

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试图了解一氧化氮调节致病菌中基团行为的分子基础。

病原细菌具有多种导致人类疾病的策略。一种这样的策略是既可以作为单细胞运动的生物，也可以作为称为生物膜的细菌群落的一部分生活。生物膜经常粘附在生物或非生物表面上，并且具有极强的抗生素抗性。随着生物膜的扩散，细菌变得对抗生素更敏感，但也能够轻易感染其他宿主。各种研究表明，低水平，无毒的一氧化氮（NO）可能会导致生物膜分散在许多细菌中。尽管该表型的分子细节仍然未知，但在一些物种中，NO已通过与2个特征性NO传感器（NosP或H-NOX）中的1个连接而参与了生物膜向浮游生物的细胞转化。根据迄今为止的可用数据，似乎NO与H-NOX或NosP的结合会基于细胞周期di-GMP浓度的变化和/或群体感应的调节而触发下游反应。为了开发用于控制生物膜感染的应用，生物膜扩散机制的鉴定和表征至关重要。这篇综述着重于了解NO介导的3种致病菌嗜肺军团菌，霍乱弧菌和铜绿假单胞菌中H-NOX和NosP途径的控制。