Multimodal molecular imaging provides both anatomical and molecular information, aiding early stage detection and better treatment planning of diseased conditions. Here, we report development and nanotoxicity evaluation of a novel hydroxyapatite nanoparticle (nHAp) based multimodal contrast agent for combined near-infrared (NIR), MR and X-ray imaging. Under optimised wet-chemical conditions, we achieved simultaneous doping of nHAp (size ∼50 nm) with indocyanine green and Gd(3+) contributing to NIR contrast (∼750-850 nm), paramagnetic behaviour and X-ray absorption suitable for NIR, MR and X-ray contrast imaging, respectively. Haematocompatibility studies using stem cell viability, haemolysis, platelet activation, platelet aggregation and coagulation time analysis indicated excellent compatibility of doped nHAp (D-nHAp). Further, the immunogenic function studies using human lymphocytes (in vitro) showed that D-nHAp caused no adverse effects. Collectively, our studies suggest that D-nHAp with excellent biocompatibility and multifunctional properties is a promising nanocontrast agent for combined NIR, MR and X-ray imaging applications.

中文翻译：

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掺杂羟基磷灰石基多峰纳米造影剂的近红外，磁共振和X射线造影成像开发及血液毒理学评估。

多峰分子成像可提供解剖学和分子信息，有助于早期发现疾病并更好地规划疾病状况。在这里，我们报告开发和基于组合的近红外（NIR），MR和X射线成像的新型羟基磷灰石纳米粒子（nHAp）的纳米毒性评估。在优化的湿化学条件下，我们实现了吲哚菁绿和Gd（3+）对nHAp（尺寸约50 nm）的同时掺杂，有助于NIR对比度（约750-850 nm），顺磁行为和适合NIR的X射线吸收，MR和X射线对比成像。使用干细胞活力，溶血，血小板活化，血小板凝集和凝血时间分析进行的血液相容性研究表明，掺杂的nHAp（D-nHAp）具有极好的相容性。进一步，使用人淋巴细胞（体外）进行的免疫原性功能研究表明，D-nHAp不会引起不良反应。总体而言，我们的研究表明，具有出色的生物相容性和多功能特性的D-nHAp是一种有前途的纳米造影剂，可用于结合NIR，MR和X射线成像应用。