The development of pesticide resistance significantly affects the outcomes of pest control. A quantitative depiction of the effects of pesticide resistance development on integrated pest management (IPM) strategies and pest control outcomes is challenging. To address this problem, a discrete host-parasitoid model with pesticide resistance development and IPM strategies is proposed and analyzed. The threshold condition of pest eradication which reveals the relationship between the development of pest resistance and the rate of natural enemy releases is provided and analyzed, and the optimal rate for releasing natural enemies was obtained based on this threshold condition. Furthermore, in order to reduce adverse effects of the pesticide on natural enemies, the model has been extended to consider the spraying of pesticide and releases of natural enemies at different times. The effects of the dynamic complexity and different resistance development equations on the main results are also discussed.

农药抗性的发展显着影响虫害控制的结果。定量描述农药抗性发展对病虫害综合治理（IPM）策略和虫害控制结果的影响是具有挑战性的。为了解决这个问题，提出并分析了具有农药抗性发展和IPM策略的离散宿主-拟寄生物模型。提供并分析了揭示有害生物抗性发展与天敌释放速率之间关系的有害生物根除阈值条件，并基于该阈值条件获得了最佳释放天敌的速率。此外，为了减少农药对天敌的不利影响，该模型已扩展为考虑在不同时间喷洒农药和天敌释放。还讨论了动态复杂度和不同的电阻发展方程对主要结果的影响。