Previously, a novel cell type, the multinucleated giant hemocyte (MGH) was identified in the ananassae subgroup of Drosophilidae. These cells share several features with mammalian multinucleated giant cells, a syncytium of macrophages formed during granulomatous inflammation. We were able to show that MGHs also differentiate in Zaprionus indianus, an invasive species belonging to the vittiger subgroup of the family, highly resistant to a large number of parasitoid wasp species. We have classified the MGHs of Z. indianusas giant hemocytes belonging to a class of cells which also include elongated blood cells carrying a single nucleus and anuclear structures. They are involved in encapsulating parasites, originate from the lymph gland, can develop by cell fusion, and generally carry many nuclei, while possessing an elaborated system of canals and sinuses, resulting in a spongiform appearance. Their nuclei are all transcriptionally active and show accretion of genetic material. Multinucleation and accumulation of the genetic material in the giant hemocytes represents a two-stage amplification of the genome, while their spongy ultrastructure substantially increases the contact surface with the extracellular space. These features may furnish the giant hemocytes with a considerable metabolic advantage, hence contributing to the mechanism of the effective immune response.

中文翻译：

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在果蝇 Zaprionus indianus 中涉及多核巨血细胞和两步基因组扩增的细胞免疫反应。

以前，在果蝇科的 ananassae 亚群中发现了一种新的细胞类型，即多核巨血细胞 (MGH)。这些细胞与哺乳动物多核巨细胞（一种在肉芽肿性炎症期间形成的巨噬细胞合胞体）共享几个特征。我们能够证明 MGH 也在 Zaprionus indianus 中分化，Zaprionus indianus 是一种属于该家族 vittiger 亚群的入侵物种，对大量寄生蜂物种具有高度抗性。我们已将 Z. indianusas 巨血细胞的 MGH 归类为一类细胞，其中还包括带有单核和无核结构的细长血细胞。它们参与包裹寄生虫，起源于淋巴腺，可以通过细胞融合发育，通常携带许多细胞核，同时拥有精心设计的运河和鼻窦系统，从而形成海绵状的外观。它们的细胞核都具有转录活性，并显示出遗传物质的增加。巨血细胞中遗传物质的多核化和积累代表了基因组的两阶段扩增，而它们的海绵状超微结构大大增加了与细胞外空间的接触面。这些特征可能为巨大的血细胞提供了相当大的代谢优势，从而有助于有效免疫反应的机制。而它们的海绵状超微结构大大增加了与细胞外空间的接触面。这些特征可能为巨大的血细胞提供了相当大的代谢优势，从而有助于有效免疫反应的机制。而它们的海绵状超微结构大大增加了与细胞外空间的接触面。这些特征可能为巨大的血细胞提供了相当大的代谢优势，从而有助于有效免疫反应的机制。