Congenital heart disease (CHD) has many forms and a wide range of causes. Clinically, it is important to understand the causes. This allows estimation of recurrence rate, guides treatment options, and may also be used to formulate public health advice to reduce the population prevalence of CHD. The recent advent of sophisticated genetic and genomic methods has led to the identification of more than 100 genes associated with CHD. However, despite these great strides, to date only one-third of CHD cases have been shown to have a simple genetic cause. This is because CHD can also be caused by oligogenic factors, environmental factors, and/or gene-environment interaction. Although solid evidence for environmental causes of CHD have been available for almost 80 years, it is only very recently that the molecular mechanisms for these risk factors have begun to be investigated. In this review, we describe the most important environmental CHD risk factors, and what is known about how they cause CHD.

中文翻译：

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先天性心脏病的环境危险因素。

先天性心脏病（CHD）有多种形式，病因也多种多样。在临床上，了解其原因很重要。这可以估计复发率，指导治疗选择，还可以用于制定公共卫生建议，以降低冠心病的人群患病率。最近先进的遗传和基因组方法的出现已经鉴定出 100 多个与 CHD 相关的基因。然而，尽管取得了这些巨大进步，迄今为止，只有三分之一的先心病病例被证明有简单的遗传原因。这是因为先天性心脏病也可能是由寡基因因素、环境因素和/或基因-环境相互作用引起的。尽管近 80 年来已有关于 CHD 环境原因的确凿证据，但直到最近才开始研究这些危险因素的分子机制。在这篇综述中，我们描述了最重要的环境 CHD 风险因素，以及它们如何导致 CHD 的已知信息。