Numerous lines of evidence have shown that cognitive processes engaged during response inhibition tasks are associated with structure and functional integration of regions within fronto-parietal networks. However, while prior studies have started to characterize how intrinsic connectivity during resting state differs between boys and girls, comparatively less is known about how functional connectivity differs between males and females when brain function is exogenously driven by the processing demands of typical Go/No-Go tasks that assess both response inhibition and error processing. The purpose of this study was to characterize adolescent sex differences and possible changes in sexually dimorphic regional functional connectivity across adolescent development in both cortical and subcortical brain connectivity elicited during a visual Go/No-Go task. A total of 130 healthy adolescents (ages 12-25 years) performed a Go/No-Go task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. High model-order group independent component analysis was used to characterize whole-brain network functional connectivity during response inhibition and then a univariate technique used to evaluate differences related to sex and age. As predicted and similar to previously described findings from non-task-driven resting state connectivity studies, functional connectivity sex differences were observed in several subcortical regions, including the amygdala, caudate, thalamus, and cortical regions, including inferior frontal gyrus engaged most strongly during successful response inhibition and/or error processing. Importantly, adolescent boys and girls exhibited different normative profiles of age-related changes in several default mode networks of regions and anterior cingulate cortex. These results suggest that cortical-subcortical functional networks supporting response inhibition operate differently between sexes during adolescence.

中文翻译：

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反应抑制期间皮质-皮质下功能连接的青少年性别差异。

许多证据表明，在反应抑制任务中参与的认知过程与额顶叶网络内区域的结构和功能整合有关。然而，虽然先前的研究已经开始描述男孩和女孩在静息状态下的内在连接如何不同，但当大脑功能由典型的 Go/No 的处理需求外源性驱动时，男性和女性之间的功能连接如何不同则知之甚少。评估响应抑制和错误处理的 Go 任务。本研究的目的是表征青少年的性别差异以及在视觉 Go/No-Go 任务期间引发的皮层和皮层下大脑连接中青少年发育过程中性别二态性区域功能连接的可能变化。共有 130 名健康青少年（12-25 岁）在功能性磁共振成像期间执行了 Go/No-Go 任务。高模型阶组独立成分分析用于表征反应抑制期间的全脑网络功能连接，然后使用单变量技术评估与性别和年龄相关的差异。正如先前描述的非任务驱动静息状态连接研究的预测和相似，在几个皮层下区域观察到功能连接的性别差异，包括杏仁核，尾状核、丘脑和皮层区域，包括额下回在成功的反应抑制和/或错误处理过程中最为活跃。重要的是，青春期男孩和女孩在区域和前扣带回皮层的几个默认模式网络中表现出不同的与年龄相关的变化的规范特征。这些结果表明，支持反应抑制的皮质-皮质下功能网络在青春期男女之间的运作方式不同。