Core Alzheimer's Disease (AD) biomarkers are the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins amyloid β42 and β40, and the tau proteins, total and phosphorylated. Their use is recommended by research guidelines for diagnostic purpose and for stratification of patients for clinical trials. However, novel potential biomarkers are needed, which can mirror risk factors and other different mechanisms of the disease, hopefully in less invasive biological fluids or matrices. Studies on blood, urine, saliva, tears gave promising results, and several novel molecules have been identified, as potential brain derived biomarkers, thanks to the development of novel ultrasensitive technologies. In this review, we discuss about advantages and limits of the classical CSF biomarkers of AD, as well as of novel CSF candidate biomarkers and recent promises from alternative matrices.

中文翻译：

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在CSF和替代基质中发现AD生物标志物。

核心阿尔茨海默氏病（AD）生物标志物是脑脊髓液（CSF）蛋白淀粉样蛋白β42和β40，以及tau蛋白（总蛋白和磷酸化蛋白）。研究指南建议将其用于诊断目的和对患者进行分层以进行临床试验。但是，需要新的潜在生物标记物，它们可以反映出疾病的危险因素和其他不同机制，希望在侵入性较小的生物液体或基质中。对血液，尿液，唾液，眼泪的研究给出了令人鼓舞的结果，由于新型超灵敏技术的发展，几种新的分子已被鉴定为潜在的脑源性生物标志物。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了AD经典CSF生物标志物的优势和局限性，