The economic and public health burdens of unplanned pregnancies are evident globally. Since the introduction of the condom >300 years ago, assumptions about male willingness to participate in contraception, as well as concerns about failure rates and side effects, have stagnated the development of additional reversible male contraceptives. However, changing attitudes and recent research advances have generated renewed interest in developing reversible male contraceptives. To achieve effective and reversible suppression of spermatogenesis, male hormonal contraception relies on suppression of testicular testosterone and sperm production using an androgen-progestin combination. While these may be associated with side effects-changes in libido, weight, hematocrit, and cholesterol-recently, novel androgens and progestins have shown promise for a "male pill" with reduced side effects. Here we summarize landmark studies in male contraceptive development, showcase the most recent advances, and look into the future of this field, which has the potential to greatly impact global public health.

中文翻译：

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男性荷尔蒙避孕。

全球范围内计划外怀孕的经济和公共卫生负担显而易见。自从300多年前引入避孕套以来，关于男性愿意参加避孕的各种假设以及对失败率和副作用的担忧，已使其他可逆男性避孕药的发展停滞不前。但是，态度的变化和最新研究进展引起了人们对开发可逆男性避孕药的兴趣。为了实现对精子发生的有效和可逆的抑制，男性荷尔蒙避孕依赖于使用雄激素-孕激素的组合来抑制睾丸睾丸激素和精子产生。虽然这些可能与副作用有关-最近发生性欲，体重，血细胞比容和胆固醇变化，新型雄激素和孕激素已显示出有望产生副作用减少的“男性药丸”。在这里，我们总结了男性避孕发展的里程碑式研究，展示了最新进展，并展望了该领域的未来，这可能对全球公共卫生产生巨大影响。