Introduction. Rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS) has successfully helped regulate gait for people with Parkinson’s disease. However, the way in which different auditory cues and types of movements affect entrainment, synchronization, and pacing stability has not been directly compared in different aged people with and without Parkinson’s. Therefore, this study compared music and metronomes (cue types) in finger tapping, toe tapping, and stepping on the spot tasks to explore the potential of RAS training for general use. Methods. Participants (aged 18–78 years) included people with Parkinson’s (n = 30, Hoehn and Yahr mean = 1.78), older (n = 26), and younger adult controls (n = 36), as age may effect motor timing. Timed motor production was assessed using an extended synchronization-continuation task in cue type and movement conditions for slow, medium, and fast tempi (81, 116, and 140 mean beats per minute, respectively). Results. Analyses revealed main effects of cue and movement type but no between-group interactions, suggesting no differences in motor timing between people with Parkinson’s and controls. Music supported entrainment better than metronomes in medium and fast tempi, and stepping on the spot enabled better entrainment and less asynchrony, as well as more stable pacing compared to tapping in medium and fast tempi. Age was not confirmed as a factor, and no differences were observed in slow tempo. Conclusion. This is the first study to directly compare how different external auditory cues and movement types affect motor timing. The music and the stepping enabled participants to maintain entrainment once the external pacing cue ceased, suggesting endogenous mechanisms continued to regulate the movements. The superior performance of stepping on the spot suggests embodied entrainment can occur during continuous movement, and this may be related to emergent timing in tempi above 600 ms. These findings can be applied therapeutically to manage and improve adaptive behaviours for people with Parkinson’s.

中文翻译：

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音乐和节拍器对患有和未患有帕金森病的人的运动计时有不同的影响：慢速、中等和快速节奏对手指敲击、脚趾敲击和踩踏现场任务中的夹带和同步性能的影响。

简介。有节奏的听觉刺激 (RAS) 已成功帮助调节帕金森病患者的步态。然而，不同的听觉线索和运动类型影响夹带、同步和起搏稳定性的方式尚未在患有和不患有帕金森病的不同老年人中进行直接比较。因此，本研究比较了手指敲击、脚趾敲击和踩踏现场任务中的音乐和节拍器（提示类型），以探索 RAS 训练用于一般用途的潜力。方法。参与者（18-78 岁）包括帕金森氏症患者（n  = 30，Hoehn 和 Yahr 平均值 = 1.78）、老年人（n  = 26）和年轻成人对照者（n = 36），因为年龄可能会影响运动时间。在慢速、中速和快节奏（分别为每分钟 81、116 和 140 次平均节拍）的提示类型和运动条件下，使用扩展的同步连续任务评估定时运动产生。结果。分析揭示了提示和运动类型的主要影响，但没有组间相互作用，这表明帕金森氏症患者和对照组之间的运动时间没有差异。在中速和快节奏中，音乐比节拍器更好地支持夹带，与中快节奏的敲击相比，在现场踩踏能更好地夹带和减少不同步，以及更稳定的节奏。年龄没有被证实是一个因素，在慢节奏中也没有观察到差异。结论. 这是第一项直接比较不同外部听觉线索和运动类型如何影响运动时间的研究。一旦外部起搏提示停止，音乐和踏步使参与者能够保持牵引，这表明内源性机制继续调节运动。现场踩踏的优越性能表明，在连续运动过程中可能会发生具体的夹带，这可能与 600 毫秒以上的速度出现时间有关。这些发现可以在治疗上应用于管理和改善帕金森病患者的适应性行为。