Flaxseed oil is rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA), which is the metabolic precursor of EPA and DHA. The present study investigated the effect of flaxseed oil supplementation on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced muscle atrophy and carbohydrate oxidation impairment in a piglet model. Twenty-four weaned pigs were used in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment including dietary treatment (5 % maize oilv. 5 % flaxseed oil) and LPS challenge (salinev. LPS). On day 21 of treatment, the pigs were injected intraperitoneally with 100 μg/kg body weight LPS or sterile saline. At 4 h after injection, blood, gastrocnemius muscle and longissimus dorsi muscle were collected. Flaxseed oil supplementation increased ALA, EPA, totaln-3 PUFA contents, protein:DNA ratio and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex quantity in muscles (P< 0·05). In addition, flaxseed oil reduced mRNA expression of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain protein (NOD) 2 and their downstream signalling molecules in muscles and decreased plasma concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8, and mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1βand IL-6 (P< 0·05). Moreover, flaxseed oil inclusion increased the ratios of phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt) 1:total Akt1 and phosphorylated Forkhead box O (FOXO) 1:total FOXO1 and reduced mRNA expression of FOXO1, muscle RING finger (MuRF) 1 and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 in muscles (P< 0·05). These results suggest that flaxseed oil might have a positive effect on alleviating muscle protein loss and carbohydrates oxidation impairment induced by LPS challenge through regulation of the TLR4/NOD and Akt/FOXO signalling pathways.

中文翻译：

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亚麻籽油对脂多糖攻击后猪模型肌肉蛋白损失和碳水化合物氧化损伤的影响

亚麻籽油富含 α-亚麻酸 (ALA)，它是 EPA 和 DHA 的代谢前体。本研究调查了在仔猪模型中添加亚麻籽油对脂多糖 (LPS) 诱导的肌肉萎缩和碳水化合物氧化损伤的影响。24 头断奶仔猪用于 2 × 2 因子实验，包括日粮处理（5% 玉米油v. 5 % 亚麻籽油）和 LPS 挑战（盐水v. 脂多糖）。在治疗的第 21 天，给猪腹腔注射 100 μg/kg 体重的 LPS 或无菌盐水。注射后4小时，采集血液、腓肠肌和背最长肌。亚麻籽油补充剂增加了 ALA、EPA 总量n-3 肌肉中 PUFA 含量、蛋白质：DNA 比和丙酮酸脱氢酶复合物量 (磷< 0·05)。此外，亚麻籽油降低肌肉中 toll 样受体 (TLR) 4 和核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域蛋白 (NOD) 2 及其下游信号分子的 mRNA 表达，并降低血浆中 TNF-α, IL-6 和 IL-8, 和 TNF-的 mRNA 表达α, IL-1β和 IL-6 (磷< 0·05)。此外，亚麻籽油增加了磷酸化蛋白激酶 B (Akt) 1: 总 Akt1 和磷酸化叉头盒 O (FOXO) 1: 总 FOXO1 的比例，并降低了 FOXO1、肌肉环指 (MuRF) 1 和丙酮酸脱氢酶激酶的 mRNA 表达4 肌肉 (磷< 0·05)。这些结果表明，亚麻籽油可能通过调节 TLR4/NOD 和 Akt/FOXO 信号通路，对缓解 LPS 攻击诱导的肌肉蛋白质损失和碳水化合物氧化损伤具有积极作用。