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Gut immunity: its development and reasons and opportunities for modulation in monogastric production animals
Animal Health Research Reviews ( IF 2.5 ) Pub Date : 2018-04-29 , DOI: 10.1017/s1466252318000026
Leon J Broom 1 , Michael H Kogut 2
Affiliation  

The intestine performs the critical roles of nutrient acquisition, tolerance of innocuous and beneficial microorganisms, while retaining the ability to respond appropriately to undesirable microbes or microbial products and preventing their translocation to more sterile body compartments. Various components contribute to antimicrobial defenses in the intestine. The mucus layer(s), antimicrobial peptides and IgA provide the first line of defense, and seek to trap and facilitate the removal of invading microbes. If breached, invading microbes next encounter a single layer of epithelial cells and, below this, the lamina propria with its associated immune cells. The gut immune system has developmental stages, and studies from different species demonstrate that innate capability develops earlier than acquired. In addition, various factors may influence the developmental process; for example, the composition and activity of the gut microbiota, antimicrobials, maternally derived antibodies, host genetics, and various stressors (e.g. feed deprivation). Therefore, it is clear that particularly younger (meat-producing) animals are reliant on innate immune responses (as well as passive immunity) for a considerable period of their productive life, and thus focusing on modulating appropriate innate responses should be an intervention priority. The gut microbiota is probably the most influential factor for immune development and capability. Interventions (e.g. probiotics, prebiotics, antibodies, etc.) that appropriately modulate the composition or activity of the intestinal microbiota can play an important role in shaping the desired functionality of the innate (and acquired) response. In addition, innate immune mediators, such as toll-like receptor agonists, cytokines, etc., may provide more specific ways to suitably modulate the response. A better understanding of mucosal immunology, signaling pathways, and processes, etc., will provide even more precise methods in the future to boost innate immune capability and minimize any associated (e.g. nutrient) costs. This will provide the livestock industry with more effective options to promote robust and efficient productivity.

中文翻译:

肠道免疫:单胃生产动物的发展、原因和调节机会

肠道在营养获取、对无害和有益微生物的耐受性方面发挥着关键作用,同时保持对不良微生物或微生物产品作出适当反应并防止它们转移到更无菌的身体隔间的能力。各种成分有助于肠道中的抗菌防御。粘液层、抗菌肽和 IgA 提供第一道防线,并寻求捕获和促进入侵微生物的清除。如果被破坏,入侵的微生物接下来会遇到单层上皮细胞,在此之下是固有层及其相关的免疫细胞。肠道免疫系统具有发育阶段,来自不同物种的研究表明,先天能力的发展早于获得。此外,各种因素可能会影响发育过程;例如,肠道微生物群的组成和活性、抗微生物剂、母源抗体、宿主遗传学和各种压力源(例如饲料剥夺)。因此,很明显,特别是年轻(产肉)动物在其生产生命的相当长一段时间内依赖先天免疫反应(以及被动免疫),因此专注于调节适当的先天反应应该是干预的重点。肠道微生物群可能是免疫发育和能力最有影响力的因素。干预措施(例如益生菌、益生元、抗体等)) 适当调节肠道微生物群的组成或活性可以在塑造先天(和后天)反应的所需功能方面发挥重要作用。此外,先天免疫介质,例如 toll 样受体激动剂、细胞因子等,可以提供更具体的方法来适当调节反应。更好地了解黏膜免疫学、信号通路和过程等,将在未来提供更精确的方法来提高先天免疫能力并最大限度地降低任何相关(例如营养)成本。这将为畜牧业提供更有效的选择,以促进稳健和高效的生产力。更好地了解黏膜免疫学、信号通路和过程等,将在未来提供更精确的方法来提高先天免疫能力并最大限度地降低任何相关(例如营养)成本。这将为畜牧业提供更有效的选择,以促进稳健和高效的生产力。更好地了解黏膜免疫学、信号通路和过程等,将在未来提供更精确的方法来提高先天免疫能力并最大限度地降低任何相关(例如营养)成本。这将为畜牧业提供更有效的选择,以促进稳健和高效的生产力。
更新日期:2018-04-29
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