In this paper, I contrast two mathematically equivalent ways of modeling the evolution of altruism, namely the classical inclusive fitness approach and a more recent, "direct fitness" approach. Though both are usually considered by evolutionists as mere different ways of representing the same causal process (i.e. that of kin selection), I argue that this consensus is misleading, for there is a fundamental ambiguity concerning the causal interpretation of the DF approach. Drawing on an analogy between the structure of inclusive fitness theory and that of causal decision theory (Stalnaker, 1972), I show that only the inclusive fitness framework can provide us with a proper, and unambiguous causal partition of the relevant variables involved in the evolution of altruism.

中文翻译：

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汉密尔顿遇到因果决策理论。

在本文中，我对比了利他主义演化建模的两种数学等效方法，即经典的包容性适应性方法和最近的“直接适应性”方法。尽管进化论者通常将两者都视为代表相同因果过程（即亲属选择）的不同方法，但我认为这种共识具有误导性，因为对DF方法的因果解释存在根本的歧义。借鉴包容适应性理论与因果决策理论的结构之间的类比（Stalnaker，1972），我证明只有包容性适应性框架才能为我们提供与演化有关的相关变量的恰当且明确的因果划分利他主义