Coronaviruses (CoVs) produce a wide spectrum of disease syndromes in different mammalian and avian host species. These viruses are well-recognized for their ability to change tissue tropism, to hurdle the interspecies barriers and to adapt ecological variations. It is predicted that the inherent genetic diversity of CoVs caused by accumulation of point mutations and high frequency of homologous recombination is the principal determinant of these competences. Several CoVs (e.g. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV) have been recorded to cross the interspecies barrier, inducing different disease conditions in variable animal hosts. Bovine CoV (BCoV) is a primary cause of gastroenteritis and respiratory disease in cattle calves, winter dysentery in lactating cows and shipping fever pneumonia in feedlot cattle. Although it has long been known as a restrictive cattle pathogen, CoVs that are closely related to BCoV have been recognized in dogs, humans and in other ruminant species. Biologic, antigenic and genetic analyses of the so-called ‘bovine-like CoVs’ proposed classification of these viruses as host-range variants rather than distinct virus species. In this review, the different bovine-like CoVs that have been identified in domesticated ruminants (water buffalo, sheep, goat, dromedary camel, llama and alpaca) and wild ruminants (deer, wild cattle, antelopes, giraffes and wild goats) are discussed in terms of epidemiology, transmission and virus characteristics. The presented data denote the importance of these viruses in the persistence of BCoV in nature, spread to new geographical zones, and continuous emergence of disease epidemics in cattle farms.

中文翻译：

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家养和野生反刍动物中的牛样冠状病毒

冠状病毒 (CoV) 在不同的哺乳动物和鸟类宿主物种中产生广泛的疾病综合征。这些病毒因其改变组织嗜性、跨越种间障碍和适应生态变化的能力而广为人知。据预测，由点突变的积累和同源重组的高频率引起的 CoV 固有的遗传多样性是这些能力的主要决定因素。已经记录了几种 CoV（例如严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒、中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒）跨越种间屏障，在不同的动物宿主中诱发不同的疾病状况。牛冠状病毒 (BCoV) 是导致犊牛肠胃炎和呼吸道疾病、泌乳母牛冬季痢疾和饲养场牛运输热性肺炎的主要原因。尽管长期以来它被认为是一种限制性牛病原体，但与 BCoV 密切相关的 CoV 已在狗、人类和其他反刍动物中得到认可。对所谓的“类牛冠状病毒”的生物学、抗原性和遗传分析提出将这些病毒分类为宿主范围的变体，而不是不同的病毒种类。在这篇综述中，讨论了在驯养的反刍动物（水牛、绵羊、山羊、单峰骆驼、美洲驼和羊驼）和野生反刍动物（鹿、野牛、羚羊、长颈鹿和野山羊）中发现的不同的牛类冠状病毒在流行病学、传播和病毒特征方面。所提供的数据表明这些病毒在 BCoV 在自然界中持续存在、传播到新的地理区域以及在养牛场不断出现疾病流行方面的重要性。