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Commercial Rodents in America: Standard Animals, Model Animals, and Biological Diversity.
Brain, Behavior and Evolution ( IF 1.7 ) Pub Date : 2019-08-15 , DOI: 10.1159/000500073
Cheryl A Logan 1
Affiliation  

Rodents as standardized test animals were developed for commercial distribution in the USA between 1910 and the 1930s. The selective breeding of rats (Rattus norvegicus) and pure-bred mice (Mus musculus) at the Wistar Institute and the Jackson Memorial Laboratories eventually led to a decline in the diversity of species used in American medical and life sciences. The early driving figures, science administrator Milton Greenman and the scientists Henry Donaldson and Clarence Little, sought to standardize animals to render science and its application to humanity more precise. But their efforts were exaggerated in the USA through an expanding industrial and engineering ideal, culminating in a preference for Big Science. I explore the nineteenth century origins of this ideal in Emil Du Bois-Reymond's neurophysiology. This foundation later merged with increasing standardization, American commercialism, and the success of Big Science to transform animal laboratory "standards" into "model animals." Recent accounts of research with commercially bred mice reveal how findings can be co-constructed using human clinical data, as animal research is applied to humans. The neglect of evolutionary perspectives and the dominance of "models" may even have begun with the government's post-war emphasis on funding greater species access for large-scale biomedical research.

中文翻译:

美国的商业啮齿动物:标准动物,模型动物和生物多样性。

作为标准测试动物的啮齿动物是在1910到1930年代之间在美国商业销售的。Wistar研究所和Jackson纪念实验室对大鼠(Rattus norvegicus)和纯种小鼠(Mus musculus)的选择性繁殖最终导致了美国医学和生命科学中所用物种的多样性下降。科学管理员米尔顿·格林曼(Milton Greenman)和科学家亨利·唐纳森(Henry Donaldson)和克拉伦斯·利特尔(Clarence Little)是早期的驾驶人物,他们试图对动物进行标准化,以使科学及其对人类的应用更加精确。但是在美国,由于不断扩大的工业和工程理想,他们的努力被夸大了,最终导致人们偏爱大科学。我在Emil Du Bois-Reymond的神经生理学中探索了这一理想的19世纪起源。该基金会后来与不断增加的标准化,美国商业主义以及Big Science的成功合并,将动物实验室的“标准”转变为“模型动物”。最近对商业繁殖小鼠进行的研究表明,随着将动物研究应用于人类,如何使用人类临床数据共同构建发现结果。甚至在政府战后强调为大规模生物医学研究提供更多物种获取资金时,就已经开始忽视进化观点和主导“模型”。最近对商业繁殖小鼠进行的研究表明,随着将动物研究应用于人类,如何使用人类临床数据共同构建发现结果。甚至在政府战后强调为大规模生物医学研究提供更多物种获取资金时,就已经开始忽视进化观点和主导“模型”。最近对商业繁殖小鼠进行的研究表明,随着将动物研究应用于人类,如何使用人类临床数据共同构建发现结果。甚至在政府战后强调为大规模生物医学研究提供更多物种获取资金时,就已经开始忽视进化论观点和主导“模型”。
更新日期:2019-11-01
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