Intercellular protein transfer between cancer cells and immune cells is a very common phenomenon that can affect different stages of host antitumor immune responses. HLA-G, a non-classical HLA class I antigen, has been observed to be widely expressed in various malignancies, and its immune-suppressive functions have been well recognised. HLA-G expression in cancer cells can directly mediate immune tolerance by interacting with inhibitory receptors such as ILT2 and ILT4 expressed on immune cells. Moreover, a network of multiple directional intercellular transfers of HLA-G among cancer cells and immune cells through trogocytosis, exosomes and tunnelling nanotubes provides malignant cells with an alternative ploy for antigen sharing and induces more complex heterogeneity, to modulate immune responses, ultimately leading to immune evasion, therapy resistance, disease progression and poor clinical outcome. Herein, we discuss the relative aspects of the intercellular transfer of HLA-G between tumor cells and immune cells and its potential use in tumor immunology research and translational cancer therapy.

中文翻译：

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HLA-G的细胞间转移：其在癌症免疫学中的潜力。

癌细胞和免疫细胞之间的细胞间蛋白质转移是非常普遍的现象，会影响宿主抗肿瘤免疫反应的不同阶段。已经观察到非经典的HLA I类抗原HLA-G在各种恶性肿瘤中广泛表达，并且其免疫抑制功能得到了公认。癌细胞中的HLA-G表达可通过与免疫细胞上表达的抑制性受体（如ILT2和ILT4）相互作用而直接介导免疫耐受。此外，癌细胞通过癌细胞的吞噬作用，外泌体和隧穿纳米管在癌细胞和免疫细胞中进行多向HLA-G细胞间定向转移，从而为恶性细胞提供了抗原共享的替代策略，并诱导了更复杂的异质性，从而调节了免疫反应，最终导致免疫逃避 治疗抵抗力，疾病进展和临床预后不良。在本文中，我们讨论了HLA-G在肿瘤细胞和免疫细胞之间的细胞间转移的相关方面，及其在肿瘤免疫学研究和转化性癌症治疗中的潜在用途。