The Bermuda Principles for DNA sequence data sharing are an enduring legacy of the Human Genome Project (HGP). They were adopted by the HGP at a strategy meeting in Bermuda in February of 1996 and implemented in formal policies by early 1998, mandating daily release of HGP-funded DNA sequences into the public domain. The idea of daily sharing, we argue, emanated directly from strategies for large, goal-directed molecular biology projects first tested within the “community” of C. elegans researchers, and were introduced and defended for the HGP by the nematode biologists John Sulston and Robert Waterston. In the C. elegans community, and subsequently in the HGP, daily sharing served the pragmatic goals of quality control and project coordination. Yet in the HGP human genome, we also argue, the Bermuda Principles addressed concerns about gene patents impeding scientific advancement, and were aspirational and flexible in implementation and justification. They endured as an archetype for how rapid data sharing could be realized and rationalized, and permitted adaptation to the needs of various scientific communities. Yet in addition to the support of Sulston and Waterston, their adoption also depended on the clout of administrators at the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the UK nonprofit charity the Wellcome Trust, which together funded 90% of the HGP human sequencing effort. The other nations wishing to remain in the HGP consortium had to accommodate to the Bermuda Principles, requiring exceptions from incompatible existing or pending data access policies for publicly funded research in Germany, Japan, and France. We begin this story in 1963, with the biologist Sydney Brenner’s proposal for a nematode research program at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) at the University of Cambridge. We continue through 2003, with the completion of the HGP human reference genome, and conclude with observations about policy and the historiography of molecular biology.

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百慕大三角：人类基因组计划历史上数据共享的语用学、政策和原则

DNA 序列数据共享的百慕大原则是人类基因组计划 (HGP) 的持久遗产。它们于 1996 年 2 月在百慕大举行的战略会议上被人类基因组计划 (HGP) 通过，并于 1998 年初以正式政策的形式实施，要求每天将人类基因组计划 (HGP) 资助的 DNA 序列发布到公共领域。我们认为，每日共享的想法直接源于大型、目标导向的分子生物学项目的策略，这些项目首先在秀丽隐杆线虫研究人员的“社区”内进行了测试，并由线虫生物学家约翰·苏尔斯顿 (John Sulston) 和线虫生物学家 John Sulston 为人类基因组计划 (HGP) 提出并辩护。罗伯特·沃特斯顿。在秀丽隐杆线虫社区以及随后的人类基因组计划中，日常共享服务于质量控制和项目协调的务实目标。然而，我们还认为，在人类基因组计划人类基因组中，百慕大原则解决了对基因专利阻碍科学进步的担忧，并且在实施和论证方面充满抱负和灵活性。它们作为如何快速实现和合理化数据共享的原型，并允许适应不同科学界的需求。然而，除了 Sulston 和 Waterston 的支持之外，它们的采用还取决于美国国立卫生研究院 (NIH) 和英国非营利慈善机构 Wellcome Trust 管理人员的影响力，这两家机构共同资助了 HGP 人类测序工作的 90% 。其他希望留在人类基因组计划联盟的国家必须遵守百慕大原则，要求对德国、日本和法国公共资助的研究的不兼容的现有或待决数据访问政策进行例外处理。我们的故事要从 1963 年开始，当时生物学家 Sydney Brenner 提议在剑桥大学分子生物学实验室 (LMB) 开展线虫研究项目。我们将持续到 2003 年，完成 HGP 人类参考基因组，并以对政策和分子生物学史学的观察作为结束。