The use of plants for the production of virus-like nanoparticles (VNPs) dates back to separating natural empty capsids of plant viruses from whole virions nearly 70 years ago, through to the present use of transgenic plants or recombinant Agrobacterium tumefaciens and/or plant virus-derived vectors for the transient expression of engineered viral or other structural proteins in plants-a production system also known as molecular farming. Plant production of heterologous proteins has major advantages in terms of convenience-whole plants are generally used, and processes do not need to be sterile-and cost, as bulk biomass production is significantly cheaper than by any other method. Plant-made VNPs in current use for nanotechnology include whole virions and naturally occurring empty capsids of plant viruses, and particles made by reassembly of coat protein (CP) purified from virions or by recombinant expression. Engineered VNP-forming animal or human virus CPs expressed in plants include L1 protein from human papillomaviruses, human norovirus CP, hepatitis B surface and core antigens, influenza virus HA protein and HIV Gag polyprotein forming large enveloped particles by budding, orbi- and rotavirus particles that require assembly of four co-expressed proteins, and polio- and foot and mouth disease viruses which require proteolytic processing of a polyprotein precursor to form 4-component VNPs. Both plant and animal virus-derived plant-made VNPs can be used for surface and internal display of heterologous peptides or even whole proteins. A significant recent development has been the production of pseudovirions in plants, comprising plant or animal virus CPs and RNA or DNA pseudogenomes that can be used to deliver nucleic acid payloads into cultured cells or specific tissues or tumors in whole animals. This article is characterized under: Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Diagnostic Tools > in vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging.

中文翻译：

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病毒样纳米颗粒的植物分子农作疫苗和试剂。

将植物用于生产病毒样纳米颗粒（VNP）的历史可以追溯到将近70年前从整个病毒体中分离出植物病毒的天然空衣壳，直到目前使用转基因植物或重组农杆菌和/或植物病毒。 -在植物中瞬时表达工程化病毒或其他结构蛋白的载体-一种生产系统，也称为分子耕作。就便利性而言，异源蛋白质的植物生产具有主要优势-通常使用整个植物，并且过程无需无菌且无需成本，因为大量生物质的生产要比任何其他方法便宜得多。当前用于纳米技术的植物制成的VNP包括整个病毒体和自然存在的植物病毒空衣壳，通过重组从病毒体纯化的外壳蛋白（CP）或重组表达制成的颗粒。在植物中表达的经过工程改造的形成VNP的动物或人类病毒CP包括来自人乳头瘤病毒，人诺如病毒CP，乙型肝炎表面和核心抗原的L1蛋白，流感病毒HA蛋白和HIV Gag多蛋白，它们通过萌芽形成了大的包膜颗粒，而球形和轮状病毒颗粒需要组装四个共表达的蛋白质，以及脊髓灰质炎和手足口病病毒，这些病毒需要对多蛋白前体进行蛋白水解处理以形成4组分VNP。植物和动物病毒衍生的植物制成的VNP均可用于异源肽甚至完整蛋白的表面和内部展示。最近重大的发展是在植物中生产假病毒颗粒，包含植物或动物病毒CP和RNA或DNA假基因组，可用于将核酸有效载荷传递到整个动物的培养细胞或特定组织或肿瘤中。本文的特点是：受生物启发的纳米材料>基于蛋白质和病毒的结构的治疗方法和药物发现>新兴技术诊断工具>体内纳米诊断和成像。