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Integration of gadolinium in nanostructure for contrast enhanced-magnetic resonance imaging.
WIREs Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology ( IF 8.6 ) Pub Date : 2019-09-05 , DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1580
Ramesh Marasini 1, 2 , Tuyen Duong Thanh Nguyen 1, 2 , Santosh Aryal 1, 2
Affiliation  

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a routinely used imaging technique in medical diagnostics, which is further enhanced with the use of contrast agents (CAs). The most commonly used CAs are gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs), in which gadolinium (Gd) is chelated with organic chelating agents (linear or cyclic). However, the use of GBCA is related to toxic side effect due to the release of free Gd3+ ions from the chelating agents. The repeated use of GBCAs has led to Gd deposition in various major organs including bone, brain, and kidneys. As a result, the use of GBCA has been linked to the development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF). Due to the GBCA associated toxicities, some clinically approved GBCAs have been limited or revoked recently. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of new strategies to chelate and stabilize Gd3+ ions for contrast enhancement, safety profile, and selective imaging of a pathological site. Toward this endeavor, GBCAs have been engineered using different nanoparticulate systems to improve their stability, biocompatibility, and pharmacokinetics. Throughout this review, some of the important strategies for engineering small molecular Gd3+ chelates into a nanoconstruct is discussed. We focus on the development of GBCAs as liposomes, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), polymeric nanocarriers, and plasmonic nanoparticles-based design strategies to improve safety and contrast enhancement for contrast enhanced-magnetic resonance imaging (Ce-MRI). We also discuss the in-vitro/in-vivo properties of strategically designed nanoscale MRI CAs, its potentials, and limitations. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > in vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials.

中文翻译:

nano在纳米结构中的集成,用于增强对比磁共振成像。

磁共振成像(MRI)是医学诊断中常用的成像技术,通过使用造影剂(CA)可以进一步增强。最常用的CA是基于-的造影剂(GBCA),其中g(Gd)与有机螯合剂(线性或环状)螯合。但是,由于从螯合剂中释放出游离的Gd3 +离子,GBCA的使用与毒副作用有关。GBCA的重复使用导致Gd沉积在骨骼,大脑和肾脏等各种主要器官中。结果,GBCA的使用已与肾原性系统性纤维化(NSF)的发展联系在一起。由于与GBCA相关的毒性,最近一些临床批准的GBCA已受到限制或撤销。因此,迫切需要开发新的策略来螯合和稳定Gd3 +离子,以增强造影剂,安全性和对病理部位进行选择性成像。为此,GBCA已使用不同的纳米颗粒系统进行了工程改造,以提高其稳定性,生物相容性和药代动力学。在整个审查过程中,讨论了一些将小分子Gd3 +螯合物工程化为纳米结构的重要策略。我们专注于开发GBCA作为脂质体,中孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒(MSN),聚合物纳米载体和基于等离子体纳米颗粒的设计策略,以提高安全性和对比度增强磁共振成像(Ce-MRI)的对比度。我们还将讨论经过战略设计的纳米级MRI CA的体外/体内特性,其潜力,和限制。本文归类于:诊断工具>体内纳米诊断和成像诊断工具>诊断纳米设备纳米药物的毒理学和法规问题>纳米材料的毒理学。
更新日期:2019-11-01
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