Resurgence is the increase in performance of an extinguished instrumental (operant) response that accompanies the extinction of a response that has been reinforced to replace it. Resurgence may involve processes that are relevant for understanding relapse in applied and clinical settings. While resurgence is known to be a robust phenomenon in human operant extinction, the processes that control it remain unclear. Here we asked whether human resurgence is controlled by processes that are similar to those that have been identified in animals by asking whether two methods that reduce resurgence in animals also reduce it in humans. Participants first learned to make an operant response (R1) for a tangible food reinforcer (O1). In a second phase (Phase 2), R1 was extinguished while a second response (R2) was introduced and reinforced with a virtual monetary reward (USD $0.10 coins; O2). In a test phase, extinction was then introduced for R2 and resurgence of R1 was assessed. In Experiment 1, resurgence that occurred after the treatment just described was attenuated if there had been periodic exposure to R2 extinction during the treatment phase (Phase 2). In Experiment 2, resurgence was prevented when O2, but not O1, was presented noncontingently during the test. The results are among the first to suggest a mechanism underlying resurgence in humans, namely, renewal caused by contextual change. They also provide initial evidence to suggest that resurgence may be the result of common processes in animals and humans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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人类的复兴：通过增加治疗和检测之间的普遍性来减少复发。

复苏是指已经消失的工具（操作）反应的性能增加，同时伴随着被强化以取代它的反应的消失。复苏可能涉及与理解应用和临床环境中的复发相关的过程。虽然已知复活是人类操作性灭绝中的一个重要现象，但控制它的过程仍不清楚。在这里，我们通过询问两种减少动物复活的方法是否也能减少人类复活，来询问人类复活是否受到与动物中已发现的相似过程的控制。参与者首先学会对有形的食品强化剂（O1）做出操作反应（R1）。在第二阶段（Phase 2），R1 被消除，同时引入第二个响应（R2）并通过虚拟货币奖励（0.10 美元硬币；O2）进行强化。在测试阶段，R2 被引入灭绝，并评估 R1 的复活。在实验 1 中，如果在治疗阶段（第 2 阶段）期间定期暴露于 R2 灭绝，则​​在刚刚描述的治疗后发生的复苏会减弱。在实验 2 中，当测试过程中非偶然出现 O2 而不是 O1 时，可以防止复活。这些结果首次提出了人类复兴的潜在机制，即环境变化引起的更新。他们还提供了初步证据，表明复苏可能是动物和人类共同过程的结果。（PsycINFO 数据库记录 (c) 2019 APA，保留所有权利）。