Global amphibian decline continues to be a great concern despite our increased understanding of the causes behind the observed patterns of the decline, such as habitat modification and infectious diseases. Although there is a large body of literature on the topic of amphibian infectious diseases, pathogen prevalence and distribution among entire communities of species in many regions remain poorly understood. In addition to these geographic gaps in our understanding, past work has focused largely on individual pathogens, either Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) or ranavirus (RV), rather than dual infection rates among host species. We sampled for prevalence and infection load of both pathogens in 514 amphibians across 16 total sites in northeastern Oklahoma. Amphibians were caught by hand, net, or seine; they were swabbed to screen for Bd; and liver tissue samples were collected to screen for RV. Overall results of quantitative PCR assays showed that 7% of screened individuals were infected with RV only, 37% were infected with Bd only, and 9% were infected with both pathogens simultaneously. We also documented disease presence in several rare amphibian species that are currently being monitored as species of concern due to their small population sizes in Oklahoma. This study synthesizes a growing body of research regarding infectious diseases among amphibian communities in the central United States.

中文翻译：

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美国俄克拉荷马州东北部本土两栖动物中石竹蝙蝠壶菌和蛙病毒的并发感染

尽管我们对观察到的下降模式背后的原因（例如栖息地改变和传染病）有了更多的了解，但全球两栖动物的下降仍然是一个很大的问题。尽管有大量关于两栖动物传染病主题的文献，但许多地区的整个物种群落中的病原体流行率和分布仍然知之甚少。除了我们理解中的这些地理差距之外，过去的工作主要集中在单个病原体上，无论是 Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) 还是雷纳病毒 (RV)，而不是宿主物种之间的双重感染率。我们对俄克拉荷马州东北部 16 个地点的 514 只两栖动物的两种病原体的流行率和感染负荷进行了采样。两栖动物是用手、网或围网捕获的；他们被擦拭以筛查 Bd；收集肝组织样本以筛查 RV。定量 PCR 检测的总体结果表明，7% 的筛选个体仅感染 RV，37% 仅感染 Bd，9% 同时感染两种病原体。我们还记录了几种稀有两栖动物物种的疾病存在，这些物种目前由于俄克拉荷马州的种群规模小而被监测为受关注物种。这项研究综合了越来越多的关于美国中部两栖动物社区传染病的研究。我们还记录了几种稀有两栖动物物种的疾病存在，这些物种目前由于俄克拉荷马州的种群规模小而被监测为受关注物种。这项研究综合了越来越多的关于美国中部两栖动物社区传染病的研究。我们还记录了几种稀有两栖动物物种的疾病存在，这些物种目前由于俄克拉荷马州的种群规模小而被监测为受关注物种。这项研究综合了越来越多的关于美国中部两栖动物社区传染病的研究。