Both scientists and society at large have rightfully become increasingly concerned about research integrity in recent decades. In response, codes of conduct for research have been developed and elaborated. We show that these codes contain substantial pluralism. First, there is metaphysical pluralism in that codes include values, norms, and virtues. Second, there is axiological pluralism, because there are different categories of values, norms, and virtues: epistemic, moral, professional, social, and legal. Within and between these different categories, norms can be incommensurable or incompatible. Codes of conduct typically do not specify how to handle situations where different norms pull in different directions. We review some attempts to develop an ordering of different sorts of norm violations based on a common measure for their seriousness. We argue that they all fail to give adequate guidance for resolving cases of incommensurable and conflicting norms. We conclude that value pluralism is inherent to codes of conduct in research integrity. The application of codes needs careful reasoning and judgment together with an intellectually humble attitude that acknowledges the inevitability of value pluralism.

中文翻译：

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重视研究诚信中的多元化

近几十年来，科学家和整个社会理所当然地越来越关注研究的完整性。作为回应，已经制定并制定了研究行为守则。我们证明这些代码包含实质性的多元化。首先，存在形而上学的多元化，其中的代码包括价值，规范和美德。其次，存在价值论多元化，因为价值观，规范和美德有不同的类别：认知的，道德的，专业的，社会的和法律的。在这些不同类别之内和之间，规范可能是无法比拟的或不兼容的。行为准则通常没有指定如何处理不同规范朝着不同方向发展的情况。我们回顾了根据严重性的通用衡量标准来制定各种类型的违反规范的顺序的一些尝试。我们认为，它们都没有为解决不可估量和相互冲突的规范案件提供足够的指导。我们得出结论，价值多元化是研究诚信行为守则所固有的。代码的应用需要仔细的推理和判断，以及在智力上谦虚的态度，这种态度承认价值多元性的必然性。