Extracellular vesicles are emerging as potent vehicles of intercellular communication. In this review, we focus on a subclass of extracellular vesicles called exosomes. Previously considered an unimportant catch-all, exosomes have recently been recognized for their role in various diseases and their potential for therapeutic use. We have examined the role of exosomes after human lung transplantation and have delineated the composition of circulating exosomes isolated from lung transplant recipients diagnosed with acute and chronic rejection, primary graft dysfunction, and respiratory viral infection. The presence of lung-associated self-antigens (K-alpha 1 Tubulin and collagen V) and mismatched donor HLA in exosomes isolated from lung transplant recipients signifies that these exosomes originated in the transplanted lungs, and therefore dramatically affect transplant biology and immune pathways. Exosomes released from transplanted organs also carry other proteins, costimulatory molecules, and nucleic acids. Therefore, these molecules may be used as biomarkers for allograft rejection and immunity.

中文翻译：

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外来体在同种异体移植免疫中的作用。

细胞外囊泡正在成为细胞间通讯的有效载体。在这篇综述中，我们集中于称为外泌体的细胞外囊泡的亚类。外来体以前被认为是不重要的综合体，最近因其在各种疾病中的作用及其在治疗中的潜力而得到认可。我们已经检查了人肺移植后外泌体的作用，并描述了从被诊断为急性和慢性排斥，原发性移植物功能障碍和呼吸道病毒感染的肺移植接受者中分离出来的循环外泌体的组成。从肺移植受者分离出的外泌体中存在与肺相关的自身抗原（K-alpha 1微管蛋白和胶原V）和供体HLA不匹配，这表明这些外泌体起源于移植的肺，因此会极大地影响移植生物学和免疫途径。从移植器官释放的外来体还携带其他蛋白质，共刺激分子和核酸。因此，这些分子可以用作同种异体移植排斥和免疫力的生物标记。