Vaccination is the most effective and least expensive technique used for human diseases prevention and eradication. The need for more vaccine doses and the rapid establishment of facilities for the development of new vaccines are stimulating significate changes in the vaccine industry, which is gradually moving towards cell culture production. One approach is the third generation of vaccines, which are based on the use of plasmid DNA (pDNA) containing transgenes that encode an antigen capable of mimicking intracellular pathogenic infection and triggering both humoral and cellular immune responses. Plasmid DNA vaccination has distinct advantages over other vaccine technologies in terms of safety, ease of fabrication and stability. The effectiveness of pDNA vaccines against viruses, bacteria, parasites and cancer cells has been demonstrated in preclinical and clinical assays. Furthermore, currently there are a few veterinary pDNA vaccines in the market. The application of a simple formulation of naked pDNA as a vaccine is attractive, but a low transfection efficiency is often obtained. The use of nanoparticles to increase transfection efficiency is an approach that has been tested clinically. This review provides a summary of vaccine production, advances and major challenges associated with pDNA lipid and polymeric nanovaccines applications.

中文翻译：

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质粒DNA脂质和聚合纳米疫苗：疫苗开发的新战略。

疫苗接种是用于预防和根除人类疾病的最有效，最便宜的技术。对更多剂量疫苗的需求以及新疫苗开发设施的迅速建立，正在刺激疫苗行业的重大变化，该行业正逐渐朝着细胞培养物生产的方向发展。一种方法是第三代疫苗，其基于质粒DNA（pDNA）的使用，该质粒DNA包含编码能够模仿细胞内病原性感染并触发体液和细胞免疫应答的抗原的转基因。在安全性，易于制造和稳定性方面，质粒DNA疫苗接种比其他疫苗技术具有明显优势。pDNA疫苗对抗病毒，细菌，在临床前和临床试验中已证实了寄生虫和癌细胞。此外，目前市场上有几种兽医用pDNA疫苗。裸露的pDNA的简单制剂作为疫苗的应用很有吸引力，但是通常获得低转染效率。使用纳米颗粒提高转染效率是一种经过临床测试的方法。这篇综述总结了疫苗生产，与pDNA脂质和聚合物纳米疫苗应用相关的进展和主要挑战。使用纳米颗粒提高转染效率是一种经过临床测试的方法。这篇综述总结了疫苗生产，与pDNA脂质和聚合物纳米疫苗应用相关的进展和主要挑战。使用纳米颗粒提高转染效率是一种经过临床测试的方法。这篇综述总结了疫苗生产，与pDNA脂质和聚合物纳米疫苗应用相关的进展和主要挑战。