The development of problem behavior in children is associated with exposure to environmental factors, including the maternal environment. Both are influenced by genetic factors, which may also be correlated, that is, environmental risk and problem behavior in children might be influenced by partly the same genetic factors. In addition, environmental and genetic factors could interact with each other increasing the risk of problem behavior in children. To date, limited research investigated these mechanisms in a genome-wide approach. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate the association between genetic risk for psychiatric and related traits, as indicated by polygenetic risk scores (PRSs), exposure to previously identified maternal risk factors, and problem behavior in a sample of 1,154 children from the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development study at ages 5-6 and 11-12 years old. The PRSs were derived from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) on schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, neuroticism, and wellbeing. Regression analysis showed that the PRSs were associated with exposure to multiple environmental risk factors, suggesting passive gene-environment correlation. In addition, the PRS based on the schizophrenia GWAS was associated with externalizing behavior problems in children at age 5-6. We did not find any association with problem behavior for the other PRSs. Our results indicate that genetic predispositions for psychiatric disorders and wellbeing are associated with early environmental risk factors for children's problem behavior.

中文翻译：

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孕产妇环境危险因素与儿童期内在和外在问题的发展：遗传因素的复杂作用。

儿童问题行为的发展与环境因素（包括孕产妇环境）的暴露有关。两者都受到遗传因素的影响，而遗传因素也可能是相互关联的，也就是说，儿童的环境风险和问题行为可能会受到部分相同遗传因素的影响。此外，环境和遗传因素可能相互影响，增加了儿童出现问题行为的风险。迄今为止，有限的研究以全基因组方法研究了这些机制。因此，本研究的目的是调查1样本中精神疾病和相关性状的遗传风险与多基因风险评分（PRS），暴露于先前确定的孕产妇危险因素以及问题行为之间的关联，来自阿姆斯特丹出生儿童及其发育研究的154名儿童在5-6岁和11-12岁之间。PRS来自有关精神分裂症，重度抑郁症，神经质和健康的全基因组关联研究（GWAS）。回归分析表明，PRS与暴露于多种环境危险因素有关，表明基因与环境之间存在被动相关性。另外，基于精神分裂症GWAS的PRS与5-6岁儿童的外在行为问题有关。我们没有发现与其他PRS的问题行为有任何关联。我们的研究结果表明，精神疾病和福祉的遗传易感性与儿童问题行为的早期环境危险因素有关。PRS来自有关精神分裂症，重度抑郁症，神经质和健康的全基因组关联研究（GWAS）。回归分析表明，PRS与暴露于多种环境危险因素有关，表明基因与环境之间存在被动相关性。另外，基于精神分裂症GWAS的PRS与5-6岁儿童的外在行为问题有关。我们没有发现与其他PRS的问题行为有任何关联。我们的研究结果表明，精神疾病和福祉的遗传易感性与儿童问题行为的早期环境危险因素有关。PRS来自有关精神分裂症，重度抑郁症，神经质和健康的全基因组关联研究（GWAS）。回归分析表明，PRS与暴露于多种环境危险因素有关，表明基因与环境之间存在被动相关性。另外，基于精神分裂症GWAS的PRS与5-6岁儿童的外在行为问题有关。我们没有发现与其他PRS的问题行为有任何关联。我们的结果表明，精神疾病和福祉的遗传易感性与儿童问题行为的早期环境危险因素有关。回归分析表明，PRS与暴露于多种环境危险因素有关，表明基因与环境之间存在被动相关性。另外，基于精神分裂症GWAS的PRS与5-6岁儿童的外在行为问题有关。我们没有发现与其他PRS的问题行为有任何关联。我们的研究结果表明，精神疾病和福祉的遗传易感性与儿童问题行为的早期环境危险因素有关。回归分析表明，PRS与暴露于多种环境危险因素有关，表明基因与环境之间存在被动相关性。另外，基于精神分裂症GWAS的PRS与5-6岁儿童的外在行为问题有关。我们没有发现与其他PRS的问题行为有任何关联。我们的结果表明，精神疾病和福祉的遗传易感性与儿童问题行为的早期环境危险因素有关。