Attention Restoration Theory (ART) predicts exposure to natural environments may lead to improved cognitive performance through restoration of a limited cognitive resource, directed attention. A recent review by Ohly and colleagues (2016) uncovered substantial ambiguity surrounding details of directed attention and how cognitive restoration was tested. Therefore, an updated systematic review was conducted to identify relevant cognitive domains from which to describe elements of directed attention sensitive to the restoration effect. Forty-two articles that tested natural environments or stimuli against a suitable control, and included an objective measure of cognitive performance, had been published since July 2013. Articles were subjected to screening procedures and quality appraisal. Random effects meta-analyses were performed to calculate pooled effect sizes across 8 cognitive domains using data from 49 individual outcome measures. Results showed that working memory, cognitive flexibility, and to a less-reliable degree, attentional control, are improved after exposure to natural environments, with low to moderate effect sizes. Moderator analyses revealed that actual exposures to real environments may enhance the restoration effect within these three domains, relative to virtual exposures; however, this may also be due to differences in the typical lengths of exposure. The effect of a participants' restoration potential, based upon diagnosis or fatigue-induction, was less clear. A new framework is presented to qualify the involvement of directed attention-related processes, using examples of tasks from the three cognitive domains found to be sensitive to the restoration effect. The review clarifies the description of cognitive processes sensitive to natural environments, using current evidence, while exploring aspects of protocol that appear influential to the strength of the restoration effect.

中文翻译：

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注意力恢复理论II：进行系统综述，以阐明受自然环境影响的注意力过程。

注意力恢复理论（ART）预测，暴露于自然环境可能会通过有限的认知资源（定向注意力）的恢复而改善认知能力。Ohly及其同事（2016）的最新评论发现，围绕定向注意力的细节以及认知恢复的测试方式存在很大的歧义。因此，进行了更新的系统评价，以识别相关的认知领域，从中可以描述对恢复效果敏感的定向注意的元素。自2013年7月以来，已有42篇文章针对自然环境或刺激进行了适当的对照测试，其中包括客观的认知表现测量。这些文章都经过了筛选程序和质量评估。使用来自49个单独结果指标的数据，进行了随机效应荟萃分析，以计算跨越8个认知领域的合并效应量。结果表明，暴露于自然环境后，工作记忆，认知灵活性以及注意力控制在不太可靠的程度上得到了改善，效果范围较小到中等。主持人的分析表明，相对于虚拟暴露，实际暴露于真实环境可能会增强这三个域内的恢复效果；但是，这也可能是由于典型的曝光时间长短不同所致。基于诊断或疲劳诱发的参与者恢复潜力的影响尚不清楚。提出了一个新框架来限定定向关注相关过程的参与，以发现对恢复效果敏感的三个认知领域的任务为例。审查使用当前证据阐明了对自然环境敏感的认知过程的描述，同时探讨了可能影响恢复效果强度的方案方面。