Archaea have been recognized as a major domain of life since the 1970s and occupy a key position in the tree of life. Recent advances in culture-independent approaches have greatly accelerated the research son Archaea. However, many hypotheses concerning the diversity, physiology, and evolution of archaea are waiting to be confirmed by culture-base experiments. Consequently, archaeal isolates are in great demand. On the other hand, traditional approaches of archaeal cultivation are rarely successful and require urgent improvement. Here, we review the current practices and applicable microbial cultivation techniques, to inform on potential strategies that could improve archaeal cultivation in the future. We first summarize the current knowledge on archaeal diversity, with an emphasis on cultivated and uncultivated lineages pertinent to future research. Possible causes for the low success rate of the current cultivation practices are then discussed to propose future improvements. Finally, innovative insights for archaeal cultivation are described, including (1) medium refinement for selective cultivation based on the genetic and transcriptional information; (2) consideration of the up-to-date archaeal culturing skills; and (3) application of multiple cultivation techniques, such as co-culture, direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET), single-cell isolation, high-throughput culturing (HTC), and simulation of the natural habitat. Improved cultivation efforts should allow successful isolation of as yet uncultured archaea, contributing to the much-needed physiological investigation of archaea.

中文翻译：

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古细菌培养策略展望。

自1970年代以来，古细菌已被认为是生命的主要领域，并且在生命之树中占有重要地位。与文化无关的方法的最新进展极大地促进了研究之父古细菌。然而，许多关于古细菌的多样性，生理学和进化的假设正在等待基于文化的实验的证实。因此，对古菌的需求量很大。另一方面，传统的古细菌种植方法很少成功，需要紧急改进。在这里，我们回顾了当前的实践和适用的微生物培养技术，以告知可能在将来改善古细菌培养的潜在策略。我们首先总结一下有关古细菌多样性的最新知识，重点放在与未来研究相关的已培养和未培养谱系上。然后讨论了当前种植实践成功率低下的可能原因，以提出未来的改进方案。最后，介绍了古细菌培养的创新见解，包括：（1）基于遗传和转录信息的选择性改良培养基。（2）考虑最新的古细菌培养技能；（3）多种培养技术的应用，例如共培养，直接种间电子转移（DIET），单细胞分离，高通量培养（HTC）和模拟自然栖息地。改进耕作工作应能够成功隔离尚未培养的古细菌，这有助于对古细菌的生理研究。然后讨论了当前种植实践成功率低下的可能原因，以提出未来的改进方案。最后，介绍了古细菌培养的创新见解，包括：（1）基于遗传和转录信息的选择性改良培养基。（2）考虑最新的古细菌培养技能；（3）多种培养技术的应用，例如共培养，直接种间电子转移（DIET），单细胞分离，高通量培养（HTC）和模拟自然栖息地。改进耕作工作应能够成功隔离尚未培养的古细菌，这有助于对古细菌的生理研究。然后讨论了当前种植实践成功率低下的可能原因，以提出未来的改进方案。最后，介绍了古细菌培养的创新见解，包括：（1）基于遗传和转录信息的选择性改良培养基。（2）考虑最新的古细菌培养技能；（3）多种培养技术的应用，例如共培养，直接种间电子转移（DIET），单细胞分离，高通量培养（HTC）和模拟自然栖息地。改进耕作工作应能够成功隔离尚未培养的古细菌，这有助于对古细菌的生理研究。