The fungus Stachybotrys (S.) chartarum was isolated from culinary herbs, damp building materials, and improperly stored animal forage. Two distinct chemotypes of the fungus were described that produced either high-cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes (S type) or low-cytotoxic atranones (A type). Recently, two distinct gene clusters were described that were found to be necessary for the biosynthesis of either macrocyclic trichothecenes (21 SAT (Satratoxin) genes) or atranones (14 ATR (Atranone) genes). In the current study, PCR primers were designed to detect SAT and ATR genes in 19 S. chartarum chemotype S and eight S. chartarum chemotype A strains. Our analysis revealed the existence of three different genotypes: satratoxin-producing strains that harbored all SAT genes but lacked the ATR gene cluster (genotype S), non-satratoxin-producing strains that possessed the ATR genes but lacked SAT genes (genotype A), and a hitherto undescribed hybrid genotype among non-satratoxin-producing strains that harbored all ATR genes and an incomplete set of SAT genes (genotype H). In order to improve the discrimination of genotypes, a triplex PCR assay was developed and applied for the analysis of S. chartarum and S. chlorohalonata cultures. The results show that genes for macrocyclic trichothecenes and atranones are not mutually exclusive in S. chartarum. Correlation of the new genotype-based concept with mycotoxin production data shows also that macrocyclic trichothecenes are exclusively produced by S. chartarum genotype S strains.

中文翻译：

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沙门氏菌（Ehrenb。）S. Hughes的蒽醌化学型的选定分离物中截短的沙曲毒素基因簇。

从食用药草，潮湿的建筑材料和不正确的动物饲料中分离出真菌类葡萄球菌（Stachybotrys（s。）chartarum）。描述了两种不同的真菌化学型，它们产生了高细胞毒性的大环孢菌素（S型）或低细胞毒性的蒽醌（A型）。最近，描述了两个不同的基因簇，它们被发现对于大环毛孢菌烯（21 SAT（Satratoxin）基因）或氢醌（14 ATR（Atranone）基因）的生物合成是必需的。在本研究中，设计了PCR引物来检测19种SAT和ATR基因沙门氏菌化学型S和八株沙门氏菌化学型A菌株。我们的分析揭示了三种不同的基因型：携带所有SAT基因但缺乏ATR基因簇的产沙门氏菌的菌株（基因型S），拥有ATR基因但没有SAT基因的非产沙门氏菌的菌株（基因型A），以及迄今未描述的杂种基因型，这些杂种基因型包含了所有的ATR基因和不完整的SAT基因集（非基因型H）。为了提高对基因型的区分，开发了一种三重PCR测定法，并将其用于沙门氏菌的分析。和S. chlorohalonata培养物。结果表明，基因大环单端孢和atranones不是相互排斥S. chartarum。基于新基因型的概念与霉菌毒素生产数据的相关性还表明，大环毛孢菌毒素仅由沙门氏菌基因型S菌株生产。