The eruption of Tambora (Indonesia) in April 1815 had substantial effects on global climate and led to the ‘Year Without a Summer’ of 1816 in Europe and North America. Although a tragic event—tens of thousands of people lost their lives—the eruption also was an ‘experiment of nature’ from which science has learned until today. The aim of this study is to summarize our current understanding of the Tambora eruption and its effects on climate as expressed in early instrumental observations, climate proxies and geological evidence, climate reconstructions, and model simulations. Progress has been made with respect to our understanding of the eruption process and estimated amount of SO₂ injected into the atmosphere, although large uncertainties still exist with respect to altitude and hemispheric distribution of Tambora aerosols. With respect to climate effects, the global and Northern Hemispheric cooling are well constrained by proxies whereas there is no strong signal in Southern Hemisphere proxies. Newly recovered early instrumental information for Western Europe and parts of North America, regions with particularly strong climate effects, allow Tambora's effect on the weather systems to be addressed. Climate models respond to prescribed Tambora‐like forcing with a strengthening of the wintertime stratospheric polar vortex, global cooling and a slowdown of the water cycle, weakening of the summer monsoon circulations, a strengthening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, and a decrease of atmospheric CO₂. Combining observations, climate proxies, and model simulations for the case of Tambora, a better understanding of climate processes has emerged. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:569–589. doi: 10.1002/wcc.407

中文翻译：

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Tambora 1815作为高冲击火山喷发的测试案例：地球系统的影响。

坦波拉（印度尼西亚）在1815年的爆发对全球气候产生了重大影响，并导致了1816年的欧洲和北美“无夏年”。尽管这是一次悲惨的事件，成千上万人丧生，但喷发也是科学的一种“自然实验”，直到今天科学才从中汲取教训。这项研究的目的是总结我们对坦波拉火山喷发及其对气候的影响的当前理解，如早期仪器观测，气候代理和地质证据，气候重建和模型模拟所表达的。在我们对喷发过程和估计的SO ₂量的理解方面已经取得了进展尽管将Tambora气溶胶的高度和半球分布仍存在很大的不确定性，但仍需要将其注入大气中。关于气候影响，全球和北半球的降温受到代理的严格限制，而南半球的代理则没有强烈的信号。针对西欧和北美部分地区（气候影响特别强的地区）的最新恢复的早期仪器信息，可以解决Tambora对天气系统的影响。气候模式响应规定的坦波拉强迫，包括冬季平流层极地涡旋增强，全球降温和水循环减慢，夏季风季风环流减弱，大西洋子午翻转环流增强以及大气层减少一氧化碳₂。结合对Tambora的观测，气候代理和模型模拟，人们对气候过程有了更好的了解。WIREs Clim Change 2016，7：569–589。doi：10.1002 / wcc.407