The study aimed at evaluating the phytochemical composition, antioxidant potentials and the levels of trace elements in the fruit extract of Kigelia africana obtained by different extraction solvents in order to ascertain its numerous pharmacological activities and identify the different chemical compounds responsible for these activities. The crude extract in ethanol and four other solvent fractions (hexane, ethylacetate, butanol and aqueous) were obtained for phytochemical screening. Antioxidant potentials of K. africana fruit were investigated spectrophotometrically using hydroxyl ion scavenging (OH-) activity, metal ion chelating activity, anti-lipid peroxidation activity as well as total antioxidant capacity assays. Trace element (Mn, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cu, Pb, Cr, Co and Fe) levels were measured using a plasma-emission spectrometer that has an auto sampler AS 93-plus and coupled with Nebulizer CETAC U-6000AT+ after microwave acid digestion of the fruit extracts. Chemical identification was performed using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-qTOF-MS2). Kigelia africana fruit extracts obtained showed a variety of bioactive phytochemical compounds including phenolic acids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and glycosides. The total antioxidant capacity activities of the aqueous, butanol, ethanol, hexane and ethylacetate extracts are 15.04, 52.11, 44.95, 79.27 and 175.20 mg AAE/g. Metal ion chelating activity showed significant correlation with lipid peroxidation inhibition activity at p ≤ 0.01 and with OH- scavenging activity at p ≤ 0.05. PCA analysis revealed that all the extract/fractions have higher total antioxidant activities compared to aqueous extract with hexane extract exhibiting the highest radical scavenging potential. HCA showed similarities with three well-defined clusters and PLS regression was used to predict total antioxidant activity. High sensitivity by low values of limits of detection and quantification was observed ranging from 0.021 to 0.085 mg/ml and 0.063 to 0.258 mg/ml for Zn and Fe respectively. Ethylacetate extract had high concentration of Fe (0.5656 mg/kg). For the standardization of the K. africana fruit extract, 244 chemical compounds were identified by measuring m/z values with threshold override of 100,000 and analysing mass spectrometer fragmentation behaviour while 16 of these were confirmed. Kigelia africana fruit extract is a good source of antioxidant and possess maximum accepted concentration of trace elements according to European legislation (1881/2006/EC). The metabolites identified exhibited numerous pharmacological activities. The method and results suggest the applicability for commercial use of this K. africana fruit in the treatment of oxidative-related diseases. Graphical abstract The phytochemical, antioxidant and trace element composition of crude ethanol extract, hexane, butanol, aqueous and ethylacetate extracts of Kigelia africana fruit were determined. The fruit extracts were found to possess good antioxidant activity, maximum acceptable amount of essential trace elements as well as the presence of bioactive phytochemicals. K. africana fruit would be an ideal candidate in improving human health and thus the management of oxidative-related diseases such as diabetes, by involving in the antioxidant defense system against free radical generation.

中文翻译：

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使用非洲高效液相色谱-qTOF-MS2光谱仪评估非洲桐木果提取物中的植物化学物质，抗氧化剂，微量元素，并进行化学谱分析。

该研究旨在评估通过不同提取溶剂获得的非洲桐木果实提取物中的植物化学组成，抗氧化剂潜力和微量元素的含量，以确定其多种药理活性并鉴定出负责这些活性的不同化合物。获得了乙醇和四种其他溶剂馏分（己烷，乙酸乙酯，丁醇和水溶液）中的粗提取物，用于植物化学筛选。使用羟基离子清除（OH-）活性，金属离子螯合活性，抗脂质过氧化活性以及总抗氧化能力测定法，通过分光光度法研究了非洲非洲按色种水果的抗氧化潜力。微量元素（锰，锌，镉，镍，铜，铅，铬，使用等离子发射光谱仪测量水果中的Co和Fe）含量，该光谱仪在水果提取物进行微波酸消化后，使用自动进样器AS 93-plus并与雾化器CETAC U-6000AT +耦合。使用超高压液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间串联质谱（UHPLC-qTOF-MS2）进行化学鉴定。获得的非洲奇异果提取物显示出多种生物活性植物化学化合物，包括酚酸，类黄酮，皂角苷，单宁和糖苷。丁醇，乙醇，己烷和乙酸乙酯的水提取物的总抗氧化能力活性为15.04、52.11、44.95、79.27和175.20 mg AAE / g。金属离子螯合活性与脂质过氧化抑制活性（p≤0.01）和清除OH的活性（p≤0.05）显着相关。PCA分析显示，与水提取物相比，所有提取物/馏分均具有更高的总抗氧化活性，而己烷提取物具有最高的自由基清除能力。HCA显示与三个明确定义的簇相似，并且PLS回归用于预测总抗氧化剂活性。Zn和Fe的检测限和定量限较低，因此灵敏度较高，分别为0.021至0.085 mg / ml和0.063至0.258 mg / ml。乙酸乙酯提取物具有高浓度的铁（0.5656 mg / kg）。为了标准化非洲非洲果的果实提取物，通过测量m / z值（阈值倍数为100,000）并分析质谱仪的碎片行为，鉴定了244种化合物，其中16种已确认。非洲菊提取物是抗氧化剂的良好来源，根据欧洲法规（1881/2006 / EC），微量元素的含量最高。鉴定出的代谢物表现出许多药理活性。该方法和结果表明该非洲K.afana水果在商业上用于治疗与氧化有关的疾病。图形摘要测定了非洲奇异果的粗乙醇提取物，己烷，丁醇，水和乙酸乙酯提取物的植物化学，抗氧化剂和微量元素组成。发现水果提取物具有良好的抗氧化活性，最大可接受量的必需微量元素以及存在生物活性植物化学物质。K.