The past few decades have witnessed the booming field of cancer immunotherapy. Cancer therapeutic vaccines, either alone or in combination with other immunotherapies such as adoptive cell therapy or immune checkpoint blockade therapy, are an attractive class of cancer immunotherapeutics. However, cancer vaccines have thus far shown suboptimal efficacy in the clinic. Nanomedicines offer unique opportunities to improve the efficacy of these vaccines. A variety of nanoplatforms have been investigated to deliver molecular or cellular or subcellular vaccines to target lymphoid tissues and cells, thereby promoting the potency and durability of anti-tumor immunity while reducing adverse side effects. In this article, we reviewed the key parameters and features of nanovaccines for cancer immunotherapy; we highlighted recent advances in the development of cancer nanovaccines based on synthetic nanocarriers, biogenic nanocarriers, as well as semi-biogenic nanocarriers; and we summarized newly emerging types of nanovaccines, such as those based on stimulator of interferon genes agonists, cancer neoantigens, mRNA vaccines, as well as artificial antigen-presenting cells. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.

中文翻译：

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用于癌症免疫治疗的纳米疫苗。

在过去的几十年中，见证了癌症免疫疗法蓬勃发展的领域。单独或与其他免疫疗法（例如过继细胞疗法或免疫检查点封锁疗法）组合的癌症疗法疫苗是一类有吸引力的癌症免疫疗法。然而，迄今为止，癌症疫苗在临床上显示出次优的功效。纳米药物为提高这些疫苗的功效提供了独特的机会。已经研究了多种纳米平台以将分子或细胞或亚细胞疫苗递送至淋巴组织和细胞，从而提高了抗肿瘤免疫的效力和持久性，同时减少了不良副作用。在本文中，我们综述了用于癌症免疫治疗的纳米疫苗的关键参数和特征；我们重点介绍了基于合成纳米载体，生物纳米载体和半生物纳米载体的癌症纳米疫苗的最新发展；我们总结了新兴的纳米疫苗类型，例如基于干扰素基因激动剂，癌症新抗原，mRNA疫苗以及人工抗原呈递细胞的刺激剂的纳米疫苗。本文归类于：治疗方法和药物发现>用于肿瘤疾病的纳米药物。