In essentially every cell, proteins are asymmetrically distributed according to their function. For many genes, this protein sorting problem is solved by transporting RNA molecules encoding the protein, rather than the protein itself, to the desired subcellular location. The protein is then translated on-site to immediately produce a correctly localized protein. This strategy is widely used as thousands of RNAs localize to distinct locations across diverse cell types and species. One of the fundamental challenges to study this process is the determination of the subcellular spatial distribution of any given RNA. The number of tools available for the study of RNA localization, from classical and state-of-the-art methods for the visualization of individual RNA molecules within cells to the profiling of localized transcriptomes, is rapidly growing. These include imaging-based approaches, a variety of biochemical and mechanical fractionation techniques, and proximity-labeling methods. These procedures allow for both the detailed study of the molecular requirements for the localization of individual RNA molecules and computational studies of RNA transport on a genomic scale. Together, they have the ability to allow insight into the regulatory principles that govern the localization of diverse RNAs. These new techniques provide the framework for integrating our knowledge of the regulation of RNA localization with that of other posttranscriptional processes. This article is categorized under: RNA Export and Localization > RNA Localization RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications RNA Methods > RNA Analyses in Cells.

中文翻译：

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识别和量化局部RNA的经典和新兴技术。

基本上在每个细胞中，蛋白质根据其功能不对称分布。对于许多基因而言，可以通过将编码蛋白质的RNA分子而不是蛋白质本身转运至所需的亚细胞位置来解决此蛋白质分选问题。然后将蛋白质在现场翻译，以立即产生正确定位的蛋白质。由于数千种RNA定位于不同细胞类型和物种的不同位置，因此该策略被广泛使用。研究此过程的基本挑战之一是确定任何给定RNA的亚细胞空间分布。从经典的和先进的方法可视化细胞内单个RNA分子到定位转录组的方法，可用于研究RNA定位的工具的数量正在迅速增长。这些方法包括基于成像的方法，各种生化和机械分离技术以及邻近标记方法。这些程序既可以详细研究单个RNA分子的定位所需的分子，又可以在基因组规模上进行RNA转运的计算研究。在一起，他们有能力深入了解控制各种RNA定位的调控原理。这些新技术为整合我们对RNA定位调控的知识与其他转录后过程的知识提供了框架。本文归类于：RNA输出和定位> RNA定位RNA与蛋白质和其他分子的相互作用>蛋白质-RNA相互作用：功能含义RNA方法>细胞中的RNA分析。