Abstract More than half of the world's 18 penguin species are declining. We, the Steering Committee of the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Penguin Specialist Group, determined that the penguin species in most critical need of conservation action are African penguin (Spheniscus demersus), Galápagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus), and Yellow‐eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes). Due to small or rapidly declining populations, these species require immediate scientific collaboration and policy intervention. We also used a pairwise‐ranking approach to prioritize research and conservation needs for all penguins. Among the 12 cross‐taxa research areas we identified, we ranked quantifying population trends, estimating demographic rates, forecasting environmental patterns of change, and improving the knowledge of fisheries interactions as the highest priorities. The highest ranked conservation needs were to enhance marine spatial planning, improve stakeholder engagement, and develop disaster‐management and species‐specific action plans. We concurred that, to improve the translation of science into effective conservation for penguins, the scientific community and funding bodies must recognize the importance of and support long‐term research; research on and conservation of penguins must expand its focus to include the nonbreeding season and juvenile stage; marine reserves must be designed at ecologically appropriate spatial and temporal scales; and communication between scientists and decision makers must be improved with the help of individual scientists and interdisciplinary working groups.

中文翻译：

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应用科学来满足企鹅的紧迫保护需求

摘要 世界上 18 种企鹅中有一半以上正在减少。我们，国际自然物种保护联盟生存委员会企鹅专家组指导委员会确定，最需要采取保护行动的企鹅物种是非洲企鹅 (Spheniscus demersus)、加拉帕戈斯企鹅 (Spheniscus mendiculus) 和黄企鹅。眼企鹅（Megadyptes antipodes）。由于种群数量少或迅速减少，这些物种需要立即进行科学合作和政策干预。我们还使用了成对排序方法来优先考虑所有企鹅的研究和保护需求。在我们确定的 12 个跨类群研究领域中，我们对量化人口趋势、估计人口比率、预测环境变化模式、提高渔业相互作用的知识作为最高优先事项。排名最高的保护需求是加强海洋空间规划，提高利益相关者的参与度，以及制定灾害管理和物种特定的行动计划。我们一致认为，为了将科学转化为企鹅的有效保护，科学界和资助机构必须认识到长期研究的重要性并支持长期研究；企鹅的研究和保护必须扩大其重点，以包括非繁殖季节和幼年期；必须在生态适宜的空间和时间尺度上设计海洋保护区；必须在个别科学家和跨学科工作组的帮助下改善科学家与决策者之间的交流。