Lead (Pb) exposure during different stages of development has demonstrated dose, duration, sex, and tissue-specific pathophysiological outcomes due to altered epigenetic regulation via (a) DNA methylation, (b) histone modifications, (c) miRNAs, and (d) chromatin accessibility. Pb-induced alteration of epigenetic regulation causes neurotoxic and extra-neurotoxic pathophysiological outcomes. Neurotoxic effects of Pb include dysfunction of memory and learning, behavioral disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, aging, Alzheimer's disease, tauopathy, and neurodegeneration. Extra-neurotoxic effects of Pb include altered body weight, metabolic disorder, cardiovascular disorders, hematopoietic disorder, and reproductive impairment. Pb exposure either early in life or at any stage of development results in undesirable pathophysiological outcomes that tends to sustain and maintain for a lifetime.

中文翻译：

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表观遗传修饰与铅暴露的病理生理效应有关。

由于（a）DNA甲基化，（b）组蛋白修饰，（c）miRNA和（d）改变表观遗传调控，铅在不同发育阶段的铅暴露已显示出剂量，持续时间，性别和组织特异性病理生理结果。 ）染色质可访问性。铅诱导的表观遗传调控的改变引起神经毒性和神经毒性以外的病理生理结果。Pb的神经毒性作用包括记忆和学习功能障碍，行为障碍，注意力缺陷多动障碍，自闭症谱系障碍，衰老，阿尔茨海默氏病，tauopathy和神经退行性变。Pb的神经外作用包括改变体重，代谢紊乱，心血管疾病，造血系统疾病和生殖功能障碍。