Cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex both vary enormously across species in their size and complexity of convolutions. We discuss the development and evolution of cortical structures in terms of anatomy and functional organization. We propose that the distinctive shapes of cerebral and cerebellar cortex can be explained by relatively few developmental processes, notably including mechanical tension along axons and dendrites. Regarding functional organization, we show how maps of myelin content in cerebral cortex are evolutionarily conserved across primates but differ in the proportion of cortex devoted to sensory, cognitive, and other functions. We summarize recent progress and challenges in (i) parcellating cerebral cortex into a mosaic of distinct areas, (ii) distinguishing cortical areas that correspond across species from those that are present in one species but not another, and (iii) using this information along with surface-based interspecies registration to gain deeper insights into cortical evolution. We also comment on the methodological challenges imposed by the differences in anatomical and functional organization of cerebellar cortex relative to cerebral cortex.

中文翻译：

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大脑和小脑皮层的发育和进化。

不同物种的大脑皮层和小脑皮层的大小和卷积的复杂性都存在巨大差异。我们从解剖学和功能组织的角度讨论皮质结构的发展和演变。我们认为，大脑和小脑皮层的独特形状可以用相对较少的发育过程来解释，特别是沿着轴突和树突的机械张力。关于功能组织，我们展示了大脑皮层中髓磷脂含量的图谱如何在灵长类动物中进化保守，但负责感觉、认知和其他功能的皮层比例有所不同。我们总结了最近的进展和挑战：（i）将大脑皮层分割成不同区域的马赛克，（ii）将跨物种对应的皮层区域与存在于一个物种而不是另一个物种中的皮层区域区分开来，以及（iii）使用这些信息通过基于表面的种间登记来更深入地了解皮质进化。我们还评论了小脑皮层相对于大脑皮层的解剖和功能组织差异所带来的方法学挑战。